Comparison of Morphometric Assessment Using Methyl Green Pyronin and AgNOR Staining of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)

November 13, 2013 updated by: Ali Raza, Academy of Interdisciplinary Dental Education and Research

Oral cancer represents the sixth most common cancer worldwide whilst in Pakistan it ranks the second most common cancer in either gender. Histologically, over 90% of oral cancer lesions are squamous cell carcinomas which are diagnosed on the basis of histopathological analysis. However, proliferation kinetics and nucleolar status are not clearly delineated by routine H&E examination; thus making use of various proliferation markers imperative for the purpose.

Nuclear organizer regions (AgNORs) are associated with proliferative activity and represents as a diagnostic aid in oral malignancies. Similarly, methyl green pyronin (MGP) stain has also been valuable as a complement in routine histopathological studies of several neoplastic entities.

Morphometric techniques offer an opportunity to quantify nuclear changes associated with malignancy and may provide an objective basis for grading the tumors. The present study is planned to analyze the morphometric parameters of the MGP stain in oral squamous cell carcinoma, and in their various histological grades, and to assess if the MGP staining parameters could give information on the aggressiveness of the malignant lesions of oral cavity.

Sections from thirty cases of squamous cell carcinoma along with thirty cases of normal oral mucosa will be evaluated for methyl green pyronin (MGP) and AgNOR staining. Morphometric analysis of various MGP staining and AgNOR parameters would be performed using micrometer. Statistical analysis of the results will be carried out using SPSS. Quantitative variables will be expressed as mean ± Standard Deviation. Frequencies and percentages will be given for qualitative variables.

It is hypothesized that oral squamous cell carcinoma will exhibit significantly higher MGP staining and AgNOR staining parameters than normal mucosa of the oral cavity.

Study Overview

Status

Unknown

Conditions

Detailed Description

Oral cancer, a major global health problem holds the sixth position worldwide with a marked variation in its geographic distribution. It is ranked as the third most frequent cancer in the developing world after stomach and cervical cancers. Amongst oral cancers, oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for over 90% of the cases.

Out of the developing counties, Indo-Pak subcontinent amounts to one third of the global oral cancer burden. Carcinoma of the oral cavity in Pakistan, one of the high-risk countries is the second most frequent cancer in either gender. With differential distribution among sub-populations, it represents 8.8% of all reported cancer cases. The most predominant risk factors include tobacco smoking, betel chewing and alcohol.

Screening and specific diagnostic tools are two innovative approaches for early detection of oral cancer. Conventional oral examination and clinical evaluation remains the foundation of screening approaches whereas surgical biopsy followed by histological analysis is attributed to be the gold standard for diagnosing malignant oral lesions. Furthermore, some adjunctive techniques may contribute to the diagnosis of oral cancer. Of these vital staining, DNA analysis, chemiluminescence, tissue fluorescence, light-based detection systems and biomarkers are now on the forefront.

Biomarkers have been valuable in revealing additional information about tumor pathology, including the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, angiogenesis, apoptosis and cell proliferation. Aberrations in proliferation kinetics are the most imperative factor during tumor progression. Three main categories of cell proliferation markers include growth fraction markers like Ki67, cycle-specific markers like PCNA(Proliferating Cellular Nuclear Antigen), and cell cycle time markers like AgNOR. During malignancy, proliferation and protein synthesis is mainly controlled by the nucleus.

Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) are loops of DNA on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes that presumably are associated with cell proliferation. Some of the NOR associated proteins are argyrophilic and can be demonstrated as black dots by the silver staining technique and the structures thus demonstrated are known as AgNORs. The AgNOR quantitative parameters provide information about the velocity of cell proliferation during cell cycle. Neoplastic progression is affected more by the rate of cell proliferation, rather than the proliferative activity per se.

Although AgNOR staining and AgNOR quantification are valuable methods in histopathological evaluation of malignancies, certain limitations have also been associated with this technique. Such AgNOR associated shortcomings include nucleolar affinity for silver stain obscuring the individual AgNORs in cases of intense staining, overlapping of variable degree between high and low grade tumors, difficulty in discerning doublets or clusters by light microscopy, misinterpreted stain deposition as proliferative activity along with some technical problems of staining and fixation.

Methyl Green Pyronin (MGP) stain is a differential stain used for selective staining of DNA and RNA. Methyl green binds specifically to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), staining nuclei green, while pyronin is specific for ribonucleic acid (RNA), staining nucleoli red. Methyl green pyronin stain has also been used to distinguish between proliferating and dedifferentiated non-proliferating cell nuclei. Similarly to assess the degradation of DNA in thyroid follicular epithelial cells, this stain has also proven to be useful.

Morphometry has been a significant advancement in delineating sequence of events responsible for cancer progression. Variations in nuclear and cellular size and shape have greater implications in the assessment of neoplastic lesions. Methyl Green Pyronin (MGP) stain has been attracting attention in the recent times as it has been used to evaluate various nuclear morphometric parameters in breast neoplasms. By using methyl green-pyronin staining, not only the inadequacies associated with AgNOR staining can be lessened but also the morphometric parameters for evaluating changes in the nucleus and nucleolus during carcinogenesis can be accomplished.

So far AgNOR staining appears to be a useful diagnostic tool in oral squamous cell carcinoma for examination of nucleolar structure and variations in nucleolar activity. On the other hand, MGP staining has been used in assessing the cancerous lesions of breast and thyroid gland and recently has been extended to oral lesions. However, no studies have been undertaken yet to evaluate and compare the morphometric parameters using these two stains within normal oral epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Similarly, very few studies have been undertaken regarding application of methyl green pyronin stain in oral pathologies.

Hence the current study has been planned to evaluate the morphometric parameters among normal oral epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma using methyl green pyronin staining; moreover these findings will also be compared with those of AgNOR staining. In this current scenario, methyl green pyronin staining and morphometric analysis may go hand in hand to provide a better diagnosis and early detection of oral cancer.

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Anticipated)

60

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Pakistan
    • Punjab
      • Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, 54000
        • Post Graduate Medical Institute

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • ADULT
  • OLDER_ADULT
  • CHILD

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Study population comprises of subjects reporting to dental departments of tertiary care hospitals of Lahore district in Pakistan.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Specimens of normal epithelium from healthy adult individuals irrespective of age and without habits that predispose to oral cancer
  • Cases of clinically and histologically confirmed primary oral squamous cell carcinoma based on WHO criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Subjects of oral squamous cell carcinoma with any treatment therapy other than surgical excision.
  • Subjects having metastatic tumors and tumors other than in the oral cavity
  • Subjects having recurrent tumors.
  • Subjects of normal or control group with history of risk / predisposing factors for oral cancer.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Normal or Control group
Those subjects with normal oral epithelium will be included in this group.
Study Group
Those subjects with oral squamous cell carcinoma will be included in this group.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Mean values of diameter, area and number of nuclei and nucleoli.
Time Frame: Within one week of staining of slides
Morphometric parameters including diameter,area and number of nuclei and nucleoli will be determined using AgNOR and Methyl Green Pyronin staining methods.
Within one week of staining of slides

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Association of grading of OSCC in relation to morphometric parameters
Time Frame: Within two weeks of staining of slides
Chi-square test or Fisher exact test will be applied to see any statistical association of grading of OSCC in relation to morphometric parameters.
Within two weeks of staining of slides

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Academy of Interdisciplinary Dental Education and Research

Collaborators

Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore

Investigators

  • Study Director: Muhammad Eyyaz Khaleel, M.Phil, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore
  • Principal Investigator: Ali Raza, B.D.S, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start

June 1, 2013

Primary Completion (ANTICIPATED)

November 1, 2013

Study Completion (ANTICIPATED)

December 1, 2013

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

November 7, 2013

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

November 13, 2013

First Posted (ESTIMATE)

November 20, 2013

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (ESTIMATE)

November 20, 2013

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

November 13, 2013

Last Verified

November 1, 2013

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • AIDER-1301-AR

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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