Snacking, Satiety &Weight: A Randomized, Controlled Trial (Snack)

Proposed is a parallel-design randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of consuming two types of snacks on a daily basis for a 12-week period on health outcomes, diet quality, and self-reported satiety in a group of overweight adults. The types of snacks to be studied are KIND snack bars with almonds and typical American snack foods).

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Obesity
• Intervention / Treatment: Dietary supplement: KIND Bars; Dietary supplement: Typical American Snack

Detailed Description

Snacking has been implicated in the obesity epidemic, but judicious snacking can help control appetite and calorie intake and add nutrient-dense foods to the diet. The investigators hypothesize that snacking on nutrient-dense, highly satiating snack foods (i.e. KIND snacks with almonds) as compared to snacking on nutrient-dilute, energy-dense foods (i.e., conventional snack foods) will contribute to satiety, weight loss, and health improvements. The investigators further hypothesize that the benefits of healthful snacking are enhanced when portion is clearly defined and controlled by packaging. Finally, the investigators hypothesize that these effects will be seen even when study participants are given clear guidance about the calorie content of snack items, and how to make room for those calories in their diets.

Hypotheses:

1. Snacking on nutrient-dense, highly satiating snack foods (i.e. KIND snacks with almonds) as compared to snacking on nutrient-dilute, energy-dense foods (i.e., conventional snack foods) will contribute to satiety, weight loss, and health improvements.
2. The benefits of healthful snacking are enhanced when portion size is clearly defined and controlled by packaging.
3. These effects will be seen even when study participants are given clear guidance about the calorie content of snack items, and how to make room for those calories in their diets.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 34
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Connecticut
    • Derby, Connecticut, United States, 06418
      • Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 25 years to 75 years (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Man or woman age 25-75 years;
• Non-smoker;
• Sedentary;
• Overweight (BMI ≥25kg/m²) with waist circumference >40 inches (102 cm) for men and >35 inches (88 cm) for women;
• Interested in losing weight, but not actively involved with a diet or weight loss program.
• Snack regularly with pre-packaged snacks typically available in grocery stores or vending machines.
• Willing to consume snacks on a daily basis.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Failure to meet inclusion criteria;
• Anticipated inability to complete study protocol for any reason;
• Current eating disorder;
• Diabetes;
• Sleep apnea;
• Actively involved with a diet or weight loss program;
• Other restricted diets due to allergy/intolerance (i.e. nut, gluten) or by choice (i.e., vegetarian, vegan);
• Regular exercise as defined by participating in moderate-intensity for at least 150 minutes/week.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: PREVENTION
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: KIND Bar; Daily inclusion of KIND Bars with almonds as a primary ingredient as part of the participant's usual diet, with diet counseling to adjust for the calories from the KIND Bars. KIND Bars that we will use in the study will include: Dark Chocolate Chili Almond; Cranberry Almond; Almond Walnut Macadamia; Pomegranate Blueberry Pistachio; Nut Delight; Fruit and Nut Delight; Almond and Apricot; Blueberry Pecan and Fiber.	Dietary supplement: KIND Bars; Consumption of KIND Bars for 12 weeks
Experimental: Typical American Snack; Daily inclusion of conventional snacks (as part of the participant's usual diet, with diet counseling to adjust for the calories from the snacks. The snacks will consist of cookies considered to be conventional snack foods that are nutrient-dilute (i.e. relatively low in nutrients) and energy-dense (i.e., relatively high in kcal). Examples of conventional snack foods will include: Nabisco Snackwell Creme Sandwich 1.7 oz pack, Nabisco Newtons Fig 2 oz pack, Nabisco Cips Ahoy! Chocolate Chip 1.4 oz pack, and Nabisco Oreo Double Stuff Chocolate 1.3 oz pack.	Dietary supplement: Typical American Snack; Consumption of typical American snacks for 12 weeks

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Body Mass Index	Body mass index (BMI) will be calculated as weight (kg) divided by height in meters (m) squared. Waist circumference will be measured using guidelines of the National Obesity Expert Panel Report.	12 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Body Composition	Body composition will be measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis, which uses the resistance of electrical flow through the body to estimate body fat. The Body Composition Analyzer measures weight and calculates body fat% and total body water% in addition to BMI.	12 Week
Waist circumference	The waist circumference will be measured using the U.S. government standard protocol. Waist circumference will be measured around the narrowest point between ribs and hips when viewed from the front after exhaling.	12 Week
Blood Pressure	Blood pressure will be measured by using a Dinamap Monitor Pro 100 (after sitting for 5 minutes). Both systolic and diastolic pressures will be calculated as the mean value of 2 readings 5 minutes apart for each participant at every time point of assessment.	12 Week
Lipid Profile	The lipid profile is determined as follows: Total cholesterol , triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein are obtained by direct measurements. Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) are obtained by calculation.	12 Week
Diet quality/key nutrients	Diet quality as measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI). A 24-hour recall will be used to assess dietary intake of all participants, and we will calculate an HEI score from each completed recall.	12 week
Hunger/Satiety	Hunger and satiety will be assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) which will ask participants a series of questions to be completed at a predetermined time relative to consumption of the treatment snack. The questions of the VAS require participants to rate on a scale the strength of specific sensations that they are feeling (i.e., hunger, thirst, amount of food that they could eat "right now", nausea, and fullness) by placing a vertical mark on the scale in response to each question.	12 Week
Quality of Life	The Short Form (SF)-12 version 2.0 will be used to assess quality of life of our study participants. The SF-12 contains 12 items from the SF-36 Health Survey. The SF-12 contains one or two items that measure each of the eight concepts included in the SF-36. Like the SF-36, the SF-12 is available in standard (4-week recall) and acute (1-week recall) formats. The SF-12 standard will be used to assess the quality of life of participants.	12 Week
Physical Activity	Physical activity will be assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) Short Form. The IPAQ is a valid and reliable tool to assess physical activity in adults. It is a more comprehensive tool containing information on weekly activities in household and yard-work activities, occupational activity, transport, leisure time physical activity and sedentary behavior.	12 week

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Griffin Hospital
• Collaborators: Kind LLC
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Valentine Y. Njike, MD, MPH, Yale-Griffin Preventin Research Center

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: April 1, 2012
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 1, 2013
• Study Completion (Actual): December 1, 2013

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 6, 2013
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 29, 2014
• First Posted (Estimate): January 30, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 26, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 25, 2020
• Last Verified: March 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: obesity; satiety; hunger; snacks
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Overnutrition; Nutrition Disorders; Overweight; Body Weight; Obesity
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2013-01 (Other Identifier: AP HM)