TENS for Phantom Limb Pain Prevention Following Major Amputation

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Phantom Limb Pain Prevention Following Arteriopathic Major Amputation: Clinical Trial

A growing body of literature indicates that up to 80% of amputees may have phantom limb pain (PLP). The first cause for limb loss is vascular disease. Usually, amputees who suffer from PLP are suboptimal treated. Therefore, many amputees are disabled by their chronic pain. The etiology and pathophysiology of PLP are poorly understood. Some studies suggest a somatosensory cortex reorganization. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a analgesic technique. TENS apply a low voltage electrical current through the skin using surface electrodes in order to stimulate afferent nerve fibbers. Because of the lack of evidence to support any treatment for PLP, interest has turned to preventing it instead.

The aim of this study is to assess if the early use of TENS in the immediately postoperative of major limb amputation due to peripheral vascular disease, should decrease the PLP incidence. TENS should interfere in the mechanism of PLP production to level of the pain fibers conduction.

Study Overview

• Status: Unknown
• Conditions: Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Phantom Limb Pain
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: TENS INTERVENTION

Detailed Description

Introduction:

Postamputation pain is highly prevalent after vascular limb amputation. The physiopathological basis should be divided in supraspinal, spinal and peripheral mechanisms. Supraspinal mechanism involve somatosensory cortical reorganization; spinal reorganization in the dorsal horn, occurs after deafferentation from peripheral nerve injury and peripherical nerve injury begins with the nerve section in surgery. All this factors seems to end into a somatosensory cortex reorganization. In this sense, it seems that our ability to prevent PLP depend on the capability to modulate the plasticity of the Central Nervous System (CNS).

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation it´s a safe, easy and inexpensive analgesic technique acting on the conduction pathways of pain. An adequated program is mandatory: balanced symmetrical biphasic pulse, pulse length greater than 250microsg, modulated high frequency and electrodes placed over the dermatomes corresponding to lumbar-sacral spine; will be used in the intervention patients

Hypothesis:

In patients with TENS use during the immediately postoperative of major limb amputation due to peripheral vascular disease, phantom limb pain will appear with less frequency than in control patients.

Study population:

Patients undergoing major limb amputation for peripheral vascular disease.

Study design:

A randomized, prospective, blinded (patient, physician, statistician),clinical trial placebo versus intervention group study has been design.

In the intervention arm, TENS should be applied during the 24 hours immediately after limb amputation. The placebo arm, also will carry TENS but without an active program.

All patients should receive the standard analgesic treatment for limb amputation during their hospitalization time.

Evaluation and objectives:

Before surgery all patients made two test for pain evaluation: The Analogical Visual Scale and the DN4 questionnaire for neuropathic pain.

At 3 days, 1 month and 3 months after surgery, all patients will be evaluated about their pain using the recommended test for neuropathic pain:The Analogical Visual Scale and the DN4 (neuropathic pain 4) questionnaire for neuropathic pain . Also, at month 1 and 3th, two more test should be done in order to evaluate quality of life: The SF-12 (short form-12) health survey questionnaire about health and the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) for sleep test.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 40
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Spain
  • Castellon de la Plana, Spain, 12004
    • Recruiting
    • Hospital General Universitario de Castellon
    • Contact: Barbara Bodega, Mrs; Phone Number: +34696962685; Email: barcabo@icloud.com
    • Contact: Vanesa Rodenas, Mrs; Phone Number: +34961925963; Email: rodenas_van@gva.es

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age over 18 years of both genders
• Critical limb ischemia (arteriopathic or diabetic aetiology)
• "MINI MENTAL TEST" (minimum 24 points)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pace marker
• Don´t speak Spanish
• Not agreement with the study
• Dermatological lesion affecting the electrode place

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: PREVENTION
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: TRIPLE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: TENS INTERVENTION; In the immediately postoperative of limb amputation, TENS will be use in this patients during 24 hours. The intensity of the impulse will be determined in a test carried out 3 days before surgery. The other parameters will be continuous, biphasic, compensated and symmetric impulse, frequency of 80 Hz, time impulse between 250 and 290 microseconds, modulation time 5´´	Device: TENS INTERVENTION; 24 hours of TENS treatment in the immediately postoperative of limb amputation
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR: TENS NO INTERVENTION; In the immediately postoperative of limb amputation, TENS will be use in this patients during 24 hours, but in this case TENS just will be on. No intensity impulse should be programmed.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
PREOPERATIVE PAIN EVALUATION	Analogical Visual Scale: the patient indicate its pain level in the scale witch has an interval between 0-10 DN4 Test ( for neurophatic pain). This is the recommended test of the Spanish association on Anesthesiology for determinate neurophatic pain.	3 days before intervention
PREOPERATIVE NEUROPAThIC PAIN EVALUATION	DN4 Test ( for neuropathic pain). This is the recommended test of the Spanish association on Anesthesiology for determinate neuropathic pain. It consist in several questions to evaluate the clinical situation and some others about the physical situation.	3 days before intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
INMEDIATELY POSTOPERATIVE PAIN EVALUATION	Analogical Visual Scale: the patient indicate its pain level in the scale witch has an interval between 0-10	3 days after intervention
INMEDIATELY POSTOPERATIVE PAIN EVALUATION	DN4 Test ( for neuropathic pain). This is the recommended test of the Spanish association on Anesthesiology for determinate neuropathic pain. It consist in several questions to evaluate the clinical situation and some others about the physical situation.	3 days after intervention
1 MONTH POSTOPERATIVE PAIN EVALUATION	Analogical Visual Scale: the patient indicate its pain level in the scale witch has an interval between 0-10	1 MONTH
1 MONTH POSTOPERATIVE PAIN EVALUATION	DN4 Test ( for neuropathic pain). This is the recommended test of the Spanish association on Anesthesiology for determinate neuropathic pain. It consist in several questions to evaluate the clinical situation and some others about the physical situation.	1 MONTH
1 MONTH POSTOPERATIVE HEALTH EVALUATION	Test SF-12 about health situation. This is the recommended test of the Spanish Pain society for subjective evaluation of health situations. It consist in 12 questions about its own perceptions, employment status, daily activities, frame of mind	1 MONTH
1 MONTH POSTOPERATIVE SLEEP EVALUATION	Test MOS (Sleep Scale from the Medical Outcomes Study) Some questions for sleep evaluation	1 MONTH
3 MONTH POSTOPERATIVE PAIN EVALUATION	Analogical Visual Scale: the patient indicate its pain level in the scale witch has an interval between 0-10	3 MONTH
3 MONTH POSTOPERATIVE PAIN EVALUATION	DN4 Test ( for neuropathic pain). This is the recommended test of the Spanish association on Anesthesiology for determinate neuropathic pain. It consist in several questions to evaluate the clinical situation and some others about the physical situation.	3 MONTH
3 MONTH POSTOPERATIVE HEALTH EVALUATION	Test SF-12 about health situation. This is the recommended test of the Spanish Pain society for subjective evaluation of health situations. It consist in 12 questions about its own perceptions, employment status, daily activities, frame of mind	3 MONTH
3 MONTH POSTOPERATIVE SLEEP EVALUATION	Test MOS (Sleep Scale from the Medical Outcomes Study) Some questions for sleep evaluation	3 MONTH

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Barbara Bodega, Mrs, Hospital General Universitario de Castellon. Avenida Benicassim sn 12004. Castellon. Spain

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: May 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (ANTICIPATED): November 1, 2016
• Study Completion (ANTICIPATED): March 1, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 9, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 9, 2015
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): July 14, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ESTIMATE): July 15, 2015
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 14, 2015
• Last Verified: June 1, 2015

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Cardiovascular Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Arteriosclerosis; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Neurobehavioral Manifestations; Atherosclerosis; Perceptual Disorders; Pain, Postoperative; Vascular Diseases; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Phantom Limb
• Other Study ID Numbers: 161976BBM