- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT02516072
Use of Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning in the Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy
The Use of Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning in the Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy in Patients Undergoing Elective Diagnostic or Therapeutic Peripheral Angiography: a Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial
With an increasingly ageing population the incidence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is rising. With approximately one quarter of all PAD patients ultimately progressing to Critical Limb Ischaemia (CLI), increased demands are being placed on vascular imaging to accurately assess stenotic lesions. Early infrainguinal lesions (i.e. TASC A & B) can be treated with angioplasty+/- stenting and accurate assessment relies on the imaging gold standard of angiography.
Patients with PAD often have concomitant co morbidities such as diabetes and chronic renal impairment placing them at increased risk of developing contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) when exposed to iodinated contrast media. High risk individuals with decreased eGFR <60ml/min have a risk of between 20-30% of developing CIN. They have increased morbidity and mortality risks with a greater need for dialysis and prolonged in patient hospital stays. Ideally, the investigators should be searching for ways to decrease the incidence of CIN. Animal studies and more recently pilot human trials have shown that subjecting a remote vascular bed to a brief ischaemic stress, followed by a period of reperfusion; in what has been termed remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), may confer a protective benefit against the development of CIN. This study aims to determine if RIPC can protect against CIN in patients undergoing elective peripheral angiography for infrainguinal disease.
Study Overview
Status
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects between 3-10% of the population with prevalence rates rising with age to 15-20% in patients over 70 [1]. Worldwide incidence rates are rising, with the trend likely to persist with rising obesity and diabetes levels. Increasing numbers of affected patients require angiography as either a diagnostic or a therapeutic modality to improve peripheral blood flow and relieve the symptoms of CLI. The use of iodinated contrast medium during either diagnostic or therapeutic procedures can lead to contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) by direct toxic effects on renal tubular cells or by the induction of renal ischemia. Contrast induced nephropathy is a leading cause of hospital acquired acute kidney injury (AKI) and is defined as an acute deterioration in renal function as defined by the relative increase in serum creatinine levels >=25% or by a factor >=0.5mg/dl above baseline within 48 hours of administration of iv contrast in absence of other causes of renal dysfunction [2],[3]. While the incidence of CIN in the general population is only 2%, it rises in high risk patients to as high as 20-30% [4],[5]. Important risk factors for the development of CIN include pre-existing impaired renal function, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, increased age and congestive cardiac failure [5]. Depending on the risks present varying percentages of patients will proceed to require temporary or permanent dialysis, with inherently higher morbidity and mortality rates [5],[6],[7]. The identification and appropriate management of these patients to prevent CIN is important to decrease the associated accompanying morbidity and mortality in this patient cohort. Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been shown to confer benefit in both animal studies and in patients undergoing coronary angiography.
A large cohort study of 5787 patients with advanced PAD found that both moderate and severe renal insufficiency were associated with increased odds of death. The 1 year mortality risk was noted to be higher in patients with severe renal insufficiency (GFR<30ml/min per 1.73m2) (OR: 2.97 95%CI: 2.39-3.69) and they also tended to have a higher risk of presenting with tissue damage (ischemic ulceration or gangrene) compared with individuals having normal renal function (OR: 2.21; 95% CI: 0.64-2.98) [8].
Zaraca et al. in a recent systematic review reported on incidence of CIN of 9.2% in patients undergoing vascular surgery [9]. Identifiable risk factors included age >70yrs, high contrast volume, pre exisiting renal disease and the use of antihypertensive medication.
Ischaemic preconditioning is an endogenous mammalian mechanism whereby a brief period of ischaemia and reperfusion confers resistance to subsequent prolonged ischaemic insults. First observed in the canine heart, subsequent investigators noted that brief ischaemia in remote organs e.g. skeletal muscle induced protection in key central organs e.g. the heart. This remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) does not require direct interference with the target organs' blood supply. It can be induced using blood pressure cuffs to produce brief episodes of upper limb ischaemia and reperfusion. It confers protection upon numerous organs simultaneously. RIPC reduces myocardial injury following aortic aneurysm repair, cardiac surgery and angioplasty. It also reduces adverse ischaemic events up to six months following percutaneous coronary intervention, implying some medium-term effect.
To date ischaemic conditioning has been applied primarily to the heart however animal studies have shown pre conditioning to offer renal protection [11],[12]. Although direct application of renal ischaemia is impractical, remote ischaemic conditioning applied prior to or during angiography procedures may offer protection to the kidneys against CIN. Whittaker and Przyklenk in 2011 explored this concept retrospectively using data from patients who had undergone emergency angioplasty for ST elevation myocardial infarction [13]. The original trial was a RCT which examined the protective effect of postconditioning on myocardial ischemia [14]. The authors retrospectively examined if study patients treated with multiple coronary balloon inflations had better renal function than patients not exposed to this remote conditioning. They concluded that patients in the conditioning group received 25% more contrast volume than the control group and showed no decline in renal function as demonstrated by examination of glomerular filtration rate at day 3 post procedure in comparison to the control group which saw a significant decline in renal function. Fikret et al in 2012 in the Renal Protection Trial demonstrated a protective benefit with RIPC from the development of CIN in high risk patients undergoing elective coronary angiography [15]. The need for contrast-based procedures is rising, especially in vascular surgery with increasing numbers of patients undergoing endovascular procedures, as is the incidence of post-contrast renal failure, which has a reported mortality of 34% [16]. The potential use of RIPC therefore to reduce the risk of kidney damage demands s further investigation in patients with advanced peripheral arterial disease who are at an increased risk of developing CIN.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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-
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Singapore, Singapore, 529889
- Changi General Hospital
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Elective intra-arterial peripheral angiography/angioplasty;
- Patients >21 years of age;
- Patients with CKD as evidenced by eGFR levels of 30ml/min < eGFR < 60ml/min (moderate risk) or eGFR levels of >= 60ml/min (low risk).
Exclusion Criteria:
- Severe renal impairment eGFR <30ml/min;
- Evidence of acute renal failure or patients on dialysis;
- History of previous CIN;
- Contraindication to volume replacement therapy;
- Pregnancy;
- Patients on glibenclamide or nicorandil (these medications may interfere with RIPC).
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
No Intervention: Control
Patients will receive iv hydration prior to procedure dependent on classification of risk as per eGFR.
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Experimental: Remote Ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC)
Patients will receive iv hydration prior to procedure dependent on classification of risk as per eGFR.
Additionally, patients will receive RIPC; a blood pressure cuff will be placed around one arm of the patient, it will then be inflated to a pressure of 250mmHg for 5 minutes.
The cuff will then be deflated and the arm allowed to reperfuse for 5 minutes.
This will be repeated so that each patient receives a total of 3 ischaemia-reperfusion cycles immediately prior to the procedure.
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IV hydration prior to procedure dependent on classification of risk as per eGFR + RIPC
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Reduction in the prevalence of contrast medium-induced nephropathy
Time Frame: At 24, 48 and 72 hours post procedure and 4-week post procedure
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Reduction is defined as an increase in the serum creatinine (serC) concentration of >25% from the baseline value within the 72-hour period after primary angiography.
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At 24, 48 and 72 hours post procedure and 4-week post procedure
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
NGAL levels
Time Frame: At 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours post procedure
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mean NGAL level at 2-hour post procedure
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At 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours post procedure
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Cystatin C levels
Time Frame: At 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours post procedure
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Mean changes of Cystatin C levels over 3 time points
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At 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours post procedure
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Other Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Length of hospital stay
Time Frame: 4 weeks post procedure
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4 weeks post procedure
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Need for dialysis
Time Frame: 4 weeks post procedure
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Free from dialysis
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4 weeks post procedure
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Mortality
Time Frame: 4 weeks post procedure
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Freedom from death
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4 weeks post procedure
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Tjun Yip Tang, Changi General Hospital
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Estimate)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- CGH-RIPC
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Clinical Trials on Contrast Induced Nephropathy
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Singapore General HospitalActive, not recruitingContrast-induced NephropathySingapore
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Chinese PLA General HospitalUnknownContrast-induced NephropathyChina
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Memorial University of NewfoundlandUniversity of AlbertaWithdrawnContrast Induced NephropathyCanada
-
Sun Yat-sen UniversityCompletedContrast Induced NephropathyChina
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Isfahan University of Medical SciencesUnknownContrast-Induced NephropathyIran, Islamic Republic of
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Noura gamalNot yet recruitingContrast-induced Nephropathy
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CardioRenal Systems, Inc.Active, not recruitingContrast Induced NephropathyUnited States
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rabab ahmed mohamedCairo UniversityCompletedContrast-induced Nephropathy
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Assiut UniversityUnknownContrast-induced Nephropathy
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Isfahan University of Medical SciencesCompletedContrast-Induced NephropathyIran, Islamic Republic of
Clinical Trials on RIPC
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Helsinki University Central HospitalAcademy of Finland; Finska Läkaresällskapet (funding); Helsinki University Hospital...Recruiting
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Oladipupo Olafiranye, MD, MSNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)Active, not recruitingContrast-induced Acute Kidney InjuryUnited States
-
Liverpool John Moores UniversityCompletedCardiovascular Disease RiskUnited Kingdom
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Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterRecruitingSepsis | Acute Kidney Injury | Critically IllGermany
-
Seoul National University HospitalCompletedIschemic Reperfusion Injury | Radiotherapy | Other Reconstructive SurgeryKorea, Republic of
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Seoul National University HospitalCompletedRemote Ischemic PreconditioningKorea, Republic of
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Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares...European CommissionRecruitingLymphoma | Anthracycline-induced Cardiac ToxicityNetherlands, Spain, Denmark, Germany, France, Portugal
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Shanghai Zhongshan HospitalCompletedCardiac SurgeryChina
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Mid Western Regional Hospital, IrelandUnknownPeripheral Vascular DiseaseIreland
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VA Office of Research and DevelopmentRecruitingHeart Failure | Acute Kidney Injury | Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Contrast Induced Nephropathy | Coronary AngiographyUnited States