Measuring the Priorities of Patients With Type II Diabetes Using Likert Scale and Best-worst Scaling

Advancing Stated-preference Methods for Measuring the Preferences of Patients With Type II Diabetes

In 2012, the FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) issued guidance to clarify the principal benefit-risk factors FDA considers during the reviews for premarket approval applications and de novo classification requests. In addition to a detailed description of benefits and risks, CDRH listed "patient tolerance for risk and perspective on benefit" as a factor that CDRH may consider in regulatory reviews. It underlined the need for developing methods to measure patient preference and incorporate it into regulatory decision-making. The purpose of this study is to advance methods for patient and community engagement in patient-centered outcome research (PCOR) and has three objectives.

First, demonstrate good practices for patient and community involvement in PCOR projects by applying principles of community-based participatory research (CBPR).

Second, address methodological gaps pertaining to the use of stated-preference methods in studying priorities in PCOR. These include identifying the best methods for identifying patient priorities and strategies for analyzing variation in priorities. The investigators also seek to assess the relevance of stated-preference methods to patients and stakeholders using both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Third, demonstrate good practices for applying stated-preference methods by studying the priorities of patients with type II diabetes. While type II diabetes provides an important case study, this research will advance approaches and methods that will be broadly generalizable to other diseases, and to diverse patient and stakeholder groups.

Clinical Significance:

This project will illustrate and advance methods for assessing the values of patients and stakeholders. It will demonstrate how CBPR methods apply to PCOR studies and the value of stated-preference methods in measuring the priorities of patients and stakeholders and directing health care.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Type II Diabetes
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Likert Scale; Other: Best-Worst Scaling (Case 1)

Detailed Description

This study will apply the principles of CBPR to involve patients and stakeholders associated with a local community board and a national diabetes advisory board in key decisions in the project. During year 1, the investigators will utilize mixed methods to develop, pretest, and pilot the survey instruments to assess the priorities of patients with type II diabetes. In year 2, the investigators plan further engagement to finalize the survey instruments, and will implement a nationally representative, racially/ethnically diverse sample of patients with type II diabetes. Based on further consultation, the investigators will conduct statistical analysis, including stratified analyses and segmentation of patients with similar priorities. In year 3, mixed methods will be applied to assess beliefs of patients and other consumers about the relevance of this work and its generalizability to other PCOR topics. Finally, lay language reports will be developed to highlight patient and stakeholder engagement and the application of stated-preference methods to the study of the priorities of patients with type II diabetes.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 1103

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21205
      • Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Adults with type II diabetes.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participate in the GfK's KnowledgePanel
• Self-reported Type II diabetes diagnosis

Exclusion Criteria:

• Does not have Type II diabetes diagnosis
• Unable to communicate in English or Spanish

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Case-Only
• Time Perspectives: Cross-Sectional

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Likert Scale; Priority elicitation survey using a Likert scale method.	Other: Likert Scale; Respondents receive questions asking them to rate each barrier or facilitator for diabetes self-management.
Best-Worst Scaling (Case 1); Priority elicitation survey using a best-worst scaling method.	Other: Best-Worst Scaling (Case 1); Respondents receive questions asking them to choose the best and worst factors that affect their diabetes self-management among a list of barriers and facilitators.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Priority Scores for Potential Barriers and Facilitators for Diabetes Self-management	Average Likert score or best-worst score that measures the impact of each factor on diabetes self-management. Positive scores indicate facilitators for diabetes self-management while negative scores indicate barriers. The magnitude of the score suggests the degree of the impact. Both scales are on a +1--1 scale. Positive 1 would be the largest possible facilitator and a negative 1 would be the largest possible barrier.	One-time survey

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Self-reported Difficulty in Understanding and Answering the Survey Questions	Questions that asked respondents to evaluate whether it was easy to understand and answer the Likert scale or BWS tasks.	One-time survey

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Self-reported difficulty in understanding and answering the survey questions	The survey will ask the respondents to evaluate whether it is easy to understand and answer the questions using Likert scale.	The outcome will be evaluated during the surveys conducted one year after the start of the study.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
• Collaborators: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: John Bridges, PhD, Johns Hopkins University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Bridges JFP, Janssen EM, Zhou M, Bone L, Segal JB, Purnell T, Longo DR, Wu A. Comparing Different Ways of Asking People with Type 2 Diabetes about Their Care Priorities and Preferences [Internet]. Washington (DC): Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI); 2019 May. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594947/

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: July 1, 2013
• Primary Completion (Actual): February 1, 2017
• Study Completion (Actual): February 1, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 18, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 18, 2015
• First Posted (Estimated): December 22, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 25, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 12, 2024
• Last Verified: December 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: diabetes; conjoint analysis; stated-preference methods; patient centered outcome research (PCOR); community-based participatory research (CBPR); patient priority
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Endocrine System Diseases; Metabolic Diseases; Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetes Mellitus
• Other Study ID Numbers: PCORI 90056532