Smoking Tobacco and Drinking Study (STAND)

Using Facebook to Address Smoking and Heavy Drinking in Young Adults

This trial will test the efficacy of a 3-month intervention on Facebook targeting tobacco use and heavy episodic drinking against a 3-month Facebook intervention targeting tobacco use. Both groups will be offered a nicotine patch starter kit. The primary outcome is verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking at 3, 6, and 12 months.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Smoking; Heavy Episodic Drinking
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Tobacco Status Project + Alcohol Intervention; Drug: nicotine patch; Behavioral: Tobacco Status Project Intervention

Detailed Description

Participants will be randomized to one of two conditions: (1) a Facebook-delivered intervention addressing tobacco use and heavy episodic drinking, tailored to readiness to quit smoking; or (2) a 3-month Facebook intervention targeting tobacco use. Both interventions will include 12 weeks of Facebook-based messages and activities tailored to participants' readiness to quit smoking.

Assessments will occur at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up. Assessments will include measures on smoking and drinking patterns and thoughts about abstinence. All participants who report no past 7-day smoking will be asked to give biochemical verification of smoking status with saliva cotinine test kits that will be mailed to participants.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 179
• Phase: Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • California
    • San Francisco, California, United States, 94143
      • University of California San Francisco Department of Psychiatry

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 25 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• read English
• between 18 and 25 years of age
• indicate they use Facebook "most" (≥ 4) days per week
• have smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lives and currently smoke at least 1 cigarette per day on 4 or more days of the week
• have had at least one heavy drinking episode (5+ for men, 4+ for women) in the past month.

Exclusion Criteria:

• do not read English
• are not between 18 and 25 years of age
• indicate they do not use Facebook "most" (≥ 4) days per week
• have not smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lives and currently smoke at least 1 cigarette per day on 4 or more days of the week
• have not had at least one heavy drinking episode (5+ for men, 4+ for women) in the past month.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Tobacco Status Project (TSP) + Alcohol Intervention; Tobacco and alcohol intervention on Facebook and 14-day nicotine patch	Behavioral: Tobacco Status Project + Alcohol Intervention; 90 days of Facebook messaging, weekly live sessions targeting tobacco use and alcohol use; Drug: nicotine patch; 14-day supply of nicotine patch
Experimental: Tobacco Status Project Intervention; Tobacco intervention on Facebook and 14-day nicotine patch	Drug: nicotine patch; 14-day supply of nicotine patch; Behavioral: Tobacco Status Project Intervention; 90 days of Facebook messaging, weekly live sessions targeting tobacco use

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Participants With Reported 7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence at 3 Months	Point prevalent abstinence was defined as biochemically-verified reports of no smoking in the 7 days prior to the 3 month assessment. Participants reporting no smoking in the past 7 days will be coded as abstinent from cigarettes. Participants with a salivary cotinine level <11 ng/ml, indicating nonsmoking were considered confirmed nonsmokers	3 months post baseline
Number of Participants With Reported 7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence at 6 Months	Point prevalent abstinence was defined as biochemically-verified reports of no smoking in the 7 days prior to the 6 month assessment. Participants reporting no smoking in the past 7 days will be coded as abstinent from cigarettes. Participants with a salivary cotinine level <11 ng/ml, indicating nonsmoking were considered confirmed nonsmokers	6 months post baseline
Number of Participants With Reported 7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence at 12 Months	Point prevalent abstinence was defined as biochemically-verified reports of no smoking in the 7 days prior to the 12 month assessment. Participants reporting no smoking in the past 7 days will be coded as abstinent from cigarettes. Participants with a salivary cotinine level <11 ng/ml, indicating nonsmoking were considered confirmed nonsmokers	12 months post baseline

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Participants With a Reduction in Cigarettes Smoked Over Time	A reduction was defined as the number of cigarettes smoked in past 7 days prior to the assessment by 50% or more compared to baseline number of cigarettes at 3, 6, and 12 month	3, 6, and 12 months post baseline
Number of Participants Whom Attempted to Quit Tobacco Use During the Course of Treatment	An attempt was defined by the participants response to the a question as to whether or not they had made an attempt to quit smoking during the course of treatment at the 3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline assessments. Participants who were determined to have made an attempt at least once during the entire course of treatment were scored as yes or no.	3, 6, and 12 month post-baseline
Number of Participant Reporting a Readiness to Quit Tobacco Use Over Time	Readiness to change tobacco use will be assessed with a single-item Readiness Ruler, developed and validated for use with young adult heavy smokers participating in brief intervention and the tobacco item from the Staging Health Risk Assessment (S-HRA) to compare stage of change across tobacco and alcohol use. Plans to limit smoking in next 30 days (or is already). Number of participants ready to change smoking in the next month assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months	3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline
Average Score on the Thoughts About Abstinence Questionnaire (Smoking)	The Thoughts About Abstinence Questionnaire (TAAS, (Hall et al., 1991) is a 3 item self-report questionnaire that measures: 1) desire to quit smoking, 2) expected success at quitting, 3) expected difficulty of quitting on 10-point Likert scales (e.g., 1=no desire to quit/lowest expectation/lowest level of difficulty to 10 = extreme desire to quit/highest expectation of success/highest expected difficulty) was assessed at baseline.	At Baseline
Average Number of Days of Heavy Episodic Drinking (HED) Over Time	HED is defined as the number of days in the past month with 4+ drinks consumed in a a single occasion for women and 5+ drinks for men. HED was assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months.	3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline
Median Number of Drinks Per Week Over Time	The number of drinks per week was defined as drinks per week in the past 30 days and assessed at the 3,6,and 12 month assessments.	3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline
Average Score on the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test - Concise (AUDIT-C) Over Time	Misuse of alcohol in the past year was assessed by the AUDIT-C. The AUDIT-C is a brief alcohol screening instrument that reliably identifies persons who are hazardous drinkers or have active alcohol use disorders (including alcohol abuse or dependence) and consists of 3 questions with a total score ranging from 0-12, and generally the higher the score, the more likely it is that a person's drinking is affecting his or her safety. Each AUDIT-C question has 5 answer choices valued from 0 points to 4 points. In men, a score of 4 or more is considered positive, optimal for identifying hazardous drinking or active alcohol use disorders. In women, a score of 3 or more is considered positive. Participants were given this assessment at months 3, 6, and 12.	3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline
Alcohol Quit Attempt	Follow-up Drinking Questionnaire will assess the presence and number of 24 hr quit attempts since the last assessment. This assessment will be used to calculate presence of at least one quit attempt in the assessment time period and scored as a yes or no.	3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline
Readiness to Change Alcohol Use Over Time	Readiness to change alcohol use will be assessed with a single-item Readiness Ruler, developed and validated for use with young adult heavy drinkers participating in brief intervention and the alcohol item from the Staging Health Risk Assessment (S-HRA) to compare stage of change across tobacco and alcohol use. Plans to limit drinking in next 30 days (or is already) Proportion of participants ready to change drinking in the next month assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months	3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline
Average Score on the Thoughts About Abstinence Questionnaire (Heavy Episodic Drinking) Over Time	The Thoughts About Abstinence Questionnaire (TAAS, (Hall et al., 1991) is a 4 item self-report questionnaire that measures: 1) desire to quit heavy episodic drinking, 2) expected success at quitting, 3) expected difficulty of quitting, and 4) confidence in ability to quit on 10-point Likert scales (e.g., 1=no desire to quit; 10 = extremely ...adapted for heavy episodic alcohol use	3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline
Number of Participants With Reported Combined Use Using Tobacco or Alcohol Over Time	Timeline Follow-back data will be used to calculate the sum of days using any tobacco or binge drinking in the past month.	3, 6, and 12 months post-baseline

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of California, San Francisco
• Collaborators: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Derek Satre, PhD, University of California, San Francisco

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Meacham MC, Ramo DE, Prochaska JJ, Maier LJ, Delucchi KL, Kaur M, Satre DD. A Facebook intervention to address cigarette smoking and heavy episodic drinking: A pilot randomized controlled trial. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021 Mar;122:108211. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108211. Epub 2020 Nov 23.
• Ramo DE, Meacham MC, Kaur M, Corpuz ES, Prochaska JJ, Satre DD. Development of a social media-based intervention targeting tobacco use and heavy episodic drinking in young adults. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2019 Apr 1;14(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s13722-019-0141-9.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 18, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 30, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): June 30, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 19, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 19, 2017
• First Posted (Actual): May 23, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 12, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 10, 2020
• Last Verified: August 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Tobacco; Alcohol; Intervention; Social media; Cigarettes; Young adults; Internet; Cessation
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Physiological Effects of Drugs; Neurotransmitter Agents; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Autonomic Agents; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Cholinergic Agents; Ganglionic Stimulants; Nicotinic Agonists; Cholinergic Agonists; Nicotine
• Other Study ID Numbers: P0509092; R34DA041637 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: All data will be de-identified and transferred to Dr. Chris Yang, expert on social media analytics at Drexel University, for analysis

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No