biomArkers to differeNtiate bacTerial From vIral iNfEctions (ANTOINE)

Performance Assessment of 7 Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Severe Bacterial Infections in Children Aged From 7 Days to 36 Months.

ANTOINE is a prospective trial which aims to assess diagnostic performance of 7 biomarkers for the diagnosis of severe bacterial infections (SBI) in children aged from 7 days to 36 months.

Fever is a frequent cause of consultation in pediatric emergency departments. Clinical diagnostic tools are rare and discrimination between severe bacterial infection and viral infection is difficult to confidently state. The prevalence of severe bacterial infections (IBS) varies from 10 to 25% according to the studies. Biological markers such as procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are commonly used in clinical practice. These markers have bacterial specificity but share a wide range of values with viral infections and do not make it possible to exclude or to confirm definitively the diagnosis of IBS. The use of new markers to improve the diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections is increasingly studied in adults. The diagnostic value of these new markers has been demonstrated by associating their dosage with that of CRP for example. This is the case for IP-10, TRAIL or MxA. However, very few pediatric studies have been carried out to date on these new biomarkers. However, in pediatrics, these diagnostic tools based on the combination of biomarkers to discriminate against viral and bacterial infections could be a major help in the suspicions of IBS. 7 biomarkers were selected to be evaluated in this study. This study is designed to determine the best biomarkers combination for the SBI diagnosis on a cohort of 800 patients.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Infection, Bacterial; Infection Viral
• Intervention / Treatment: Biological: Diagnostic performances of a combination of biomarkers

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 983
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• France
  • Bron, France, 69500
    • Hospices Civils de Lyon
  • Colombes, France, 92700
    • Hôpital Louis Mourier - APHP
  • Gleizé, France, 69655
    • Hopital Nord Ouest

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 1 week to 3 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Febrile children:

  • Between 7 days and 3 months old : fever >38°C for more than 6 hours (late neonatal fever suspected) for which the physician prescribed venipuncture
  • Between 3 months and 36 months old : fever ≥38,5°C for more than 6 hours and less than 7 days for which the physician prescribed venipuncture for suspected severe bacterial infection
• Patient with national health cover
• Consent form signed by at least one parent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Children treated by antibiotherapy within the past 48h
• Children with congenital or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or long-term immunosuppression treatment
• Vaccinated children within 48h by an inactivated vaccine or within 10 days for the MMR vaccines
• Children with a chronic disease
• undergoing surgery within 7 days before inclusion

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Diagnostic
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Intervention / Treatment

Experimental: 7 biomarkers combination

Biological: Diagnostic performances of a combination of biomarkers; 3 ml of blood will be drawn at inclusion at the same time of the venipuncture prescribed for standard care. The dosage of the 7 biomarkers will be performed in a central laboratory. The adjudication committee will classify patients in 6 groups, based on their clinical data. The committee will not be aware of the biological results. The analysis of Train Set data will aim to identify the most effective combination of markers in response to the primary objective of identifying biomarkers for the diagnosis of severe bacterial infections. The best combination selected will then be applied to the Test Set data (approximately the other half of patients), in order to obtain its real and unbiased performance. The calculation of positive and negative likelihood ratios will be performed. The targeted performances are: A positive likelihood ratio (LR +) of 5.67 minimum, ideally greater than 8.5.; A negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 0.5 maximum, ideally less than 0.3.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Diagnosis of severe bacterial infection (SBI)	Diagnostic performance of the biomarkers combination will be compared to the diagnostic performances of CRP alone and PCT alone, based on the adjudication committee classification (gold standard). The Adjudication Committee will sort patients in 6 different groups according to their clinical data: (1) proved SBI, (2) presumed SBI, (3) both viral & bacterial infection, (4) proved viral infection, (5) presumed viral infection, & (6) not classifiable patient. To answer the primary outcome, the SBI class will group proved SBI (1), presumed SBI (2) and both viral & bacterial infection (3).	at Day 7

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Diagnosis of viral infection	Diagnostic performance of the biomarkers combination will be compared to the diagnostic performances of CRP alone and PCT alone, based on the adjudication committee classification (gold standard). The Adjudication Committee will sort patients in 6 different groups according to their clinical data: (1) proved SBI, (2) presumed SBI, (3) both viral & bacterial infection, (4) proved viral infection, (5) presumed viral infection, & (6) not classifiable patient. To answer this secondary outcome, the SBI class will group (4) proved viral infection, (5) presumed viral infection.	at Day 7
Unfavorable evolution	Evaluate the possible association between biomarkers concentration and patient unfavorable evolution, defined as: For hospitalized patient : entry in a health department with an higher level of care or death within 7 days after study inclusion; For non-hospitalized patient : hospitalization or death within 7 days after study inclusion	at Day 7

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Hospices Civils de Lyon
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Yves GILLET, MD, Hospices Civils de Lyon

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Trouillet-Assant S, Viel S, Ouziel A, Boisselier L, Rebaud P, Basmaci R, Droz N, Belot A, Pons S, Brengel-Pesce K, Gillet Y, Javouhey E; Antoine Study Group. Type I Interferon in Children with Viral or Bacterial Infections. Clin Chem. 2020 Jun 1;66(6):802-808. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa089.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 6, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 12, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): June 12, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 22, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 22, 2017
• First Posted (Actual): May 23, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): December 19, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 13, 2025
• Last Verified: December 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: child; diagnostic; severe bacterial infection; acute infection; biomarker combination; infection viral
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Infections; Bacterial Infections and Mycoses; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Disease; Virus Diseases; Bacterial Infections
• Other Study ID Numbers: 69HCL16_0799

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No