- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT03189329
The Effect of Retrobulbar Block for Eye Surgery on Brain Oxygenation and Cognitive Functions in Elderly Patients
The Effect of Retrobulbar Block on Bi-Hemispheric Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Early Period Postoperative Cognitive Functions With Lidocaine and Levobupivacaine in Elderly Patients With Ophthalmic Surgery
Study Overview
Status
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
A total of 66 patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery (total duration < 60 minutes) using retrobulbar block, who were classified as category I-III according to the ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) Classification system, who were over the age of 60, and who had no cognitive dysfunction were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were as follows: contraindication for retrobulbar block, preoperative systolic blood pressure of 180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure of above 100 mmHg, uncontrolled diabetes, body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, MMSE ≤ 24, advanced organ failure, or Hb < 9gr/dl.The patients were randomly divided into two groups using a sealed-envelope method:
Group L: Patients undergoing block with lidocaine (n = 33) Group LB: Patients undergoing block with levobupivacaine (n = 33) The patients did not undergo premedication in order to accommodate the postoperative MMSE evaluation. For intra-operative sedation, remifentanil (UltivaR, GlaxoSmithKline, Berntford, UK) was initiated as an infusion at a dose range of 0.05-0.1 mcg/kg/min. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate values were allowed to vary up to 20% of the preoperative values of the patients. For this purpose, the remifentanil infusion rate was increased or decreased at the determined dose interval.
Retrobulbar block was performed with 5 ml of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride (AritmalR, Osel, Istanbul, Turkey) in Group L patients and 5ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine (ChirocaineR, Abbvie, Chicago, USA) in Group LB patients. The block was performed by the same practitioner (fourth year assistant of Ophthalmology Department) using inferotemporal approach as described by Sanderson using 27 gage disposable needles (Atkinson Retrobulbar NeedleR, Asico, USA).
Sensory and motor block onset and end times and akinesia score were recorded. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded in the preoperative period, at minutes 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 intra-operatively, and at 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes postoperatively in the recovery room.
. The patients were transferred to the operating table for measurement of bilateral rSO2, and preoxygenation was performed for three minutes using 4 L/min 100% oxygen via nasal cannula. The basal oxygenation values were determined by taking the average of the last 30 s measurements. The rSO2 values were recorded at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30th, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 minutes after retrobulbar block, and at 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes after the completion of the procedure.
Cognitive functions were assessed by the same technician using MMSE in the preoperative period, 40 minutes postoperatively and at 7 days after the operation (short term).Surgeon satisfaction was queried at the end of the case and patient satisfaction was questioned at the end of day.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Phase 4
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
-
-
Atakum
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Samsun, Atakum, Turkey, 55139
- Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi
-
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Undergoing vitreoretinal surgery (total duration < 60 minutes)
- The ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) Classification I-III
- Over the age of 60
- The patiens who had no cognitive dysfunction
Exclusion Criteria:
- Contraindication for retrobulbar block
- Preoperative systolic blood pressure of 180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure of above 100 mmHg
- Uncontrolled diabetes
- Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2
- MMSE ≤ 24
- Advanced organ failure
- Hb < 9gr/dl
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: SUPPORTIVE_CARE
- Allocation: RANDOMIZED
- Interventional Model: PARALLEL
- Masking: SINGLE
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: Group L
Patients undergoing block with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride
|
Retrobulbar block was performed with 5 ml of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride (AritmalR, Osel, Istanbul, Turkey) in Group L patients.
The block was performed by the same practitioner (fourth year assistant of Ophthalmology Department) using inferotemporal approach as described by Sanderson using 27 gage disposable needles (Atkinson Retrobulbar NeedleR, Asico, USA)
|
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: Group LB
Patients undergoing block with 0.5% levobupivacaine
|
and 5ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine (ChirocaineR, Abbvie, Chicago, USA) in Group LB patients.
The block was performed by the same practitioner (fourth year assistant of Ophthalmology Department) using inferotemporal approach as described by Sanderson using 27 gage disposable needles (Atkinson Retrobulbar NeedleR, Asico, USA)
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Cerebral oxygen saturation changes (rSO2)
Time Frame: The rSO2 value changes were recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery
|
The NIRS device probes (INVOS-3100AR; Somanetics Inc., Troy, MI, USA) were placed at least 2 cm above the eyebrows and 3 cm away from the mid-line of the forehead, on right and left, in accordance with the instructions of manufacturer.The patient's forehead was cleaned with acetone alcohol before the sensor pads were glued, and wrapped with a bandage so that the sensors were not affected by ambient light.
The patients were transferred to the operating table for measurement of bilateral rSO2, and preoxygenation was performed for three minutes using 4 L/min 100% oxygen via nasal cannula.
|
The rSO2 value changes were recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Cognitive function measurement
Time Frame: Cognitive functions were assessed from baseline up to 7 days after the surgery
|
Cognitive functions were assessed by the same technician using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) test.
|
Cognitive functions were assessed from baseline up to 7 days after the surgery
|
Sensory block onset time by the conjunctival feeling score using the cotton contact test.
Time Frame: The sensory block onset time was recorded at the beginning of surgery till the first 15 min
|
The sensory block onset time was recorded as the moment when the patient did not feel a piece of cotton touching the cornea.
This time was measured by the conjunctival feeling score using the cotton contact test (0: normal, 1: less sensitive, 2: complete sensory loss).
Score of 2 on the scale was considered as onset time for sensory block.
|
The sensory block onset time was recorded at the beginning of surgery till the first 15 min
|
Sensory block end time by the conjunctival feeling score using the cotton contact test.
Time Frame: The sensory block end time was recorded at the end of surgery till the first 24 h
|
The time at which recovery of sensory block was recovered was measured by the conjunctival feeling score using the cotton contact test (0: normal, 1: less sensitive, 2: complete sensory loss).
Score of 0 on the scale was considered as end time for sensory block.
|
The sensory block end time was recorded at the end of surgery till the first 24 h
|
Motor block onset time by eye movements score.
Time Frame: The motor block onset time was recorded at the beginning of surgery till the first 15 min
|
The motor block onset time was recorded as the time that the patient's eye movements score was four or less.
Eye movements score was measured over three points in each of the four quadrants as follows: 3, full eye movement and 0, no movement.
|
The motor block onset time was recorded at the beginning of surgery till the first 15 min
|
Motor block end time by eye movements score.
Time Frame: The motor block end time was recorded at the end of surgery till the first 24 h
|
The time at which recovery of motor block was recovered was measured by the eye movements score (three points in each of the four quadrants as follows: 3, full eye movement and 0, no movement).
Score of 12 on the scale was considered as end time for motor block.
|
The motor block end time was recorded at the end of surgery till the first 24 h
|
The akinesia score measurement
Time Frame: The akinesia score was assessed at the beginning of surgery till the first 15 min.
|
The akinesia score was assessed between 0-12 points after 10 minutes of block application.
Eye movements were measured over three points in each of the four quadrants as follows: 3, full eye movement and 0, no movement.
The sum of the movement scores across all four quadrants was recorded as the akinesian score.
An eye with full movement was scored as 12, and an immobile eye was scored as 0. If the akinesia score was four or less, the block was considered successful.
|
The akinesia score was assessed at the beginning of surgery till the first 15 min.
|
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) measurement
Time Frame: The mean arterial pressure was recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery
|
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded in the preoperative period, at minutes 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 intra-operatively, and at 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes postoperatively in the recovery room.
|
The mean arterial pressure was recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery
|
The heart rate (HR) measurement
Time Frame: The heart rate (HR) was recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery
|
The heart rate (HR) was recorded in the preoperative period, at minutes 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 intra-operatively, and at 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes postoperatively in the recovery room.
|
The heart rate (HR) was recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery
|
The oxygen saturation (SpO2) measurement
Time Frame: The oxygen saturation (SpO2) was recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery
|
The oxygen saturation (SpO2) was recorded in the preoperative period, at minutes 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 intra-operatively, and at 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes postoperatively in the recovery room.
|
The oxygen saturation (SpO2) was recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery
|
Surgeon satisfaction
Time Frame: Surgeon satisfaction was queried at the end of the surgery till the first 15 min.
|
They were asked to score over 10 point scale.
Surgeon satisfaction was evaluated using 10 point scale ( 0 = not satisfied at all and 10 = very satisfied)
|
Surgeon satisfaction was queried at the end of the surgery till the first 15 min.
|
Patient satisfaction
Time Frame: Patient satisfaction was questioned 24 hours after surgery
|
They were asked to score over 10 point scale.
Patient satisfaction was evaluated using 10 point scale ( 0 = not satisfied at all and 10 = very satisfied)
|
Patient satisfaction was questioned 24 hours after surgery
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Cengiz Kaya, MD, Ondokuz Mayıs University
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rabins PV, Ritchie K, Rossor M, Thal L, Winblad B. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2001 Dec;58(12):1985-92. doi: 10.1001/archneur.58.12.1985.
- Casati A, Fanelli G, Pietropaoli P, Proietti R, Tufano R, Montanini S; Collaborative Italian Study Group on Anaesthesia in Elderly Patients; Danelli G, Nuzzi M, Mentegazzi F, Torri G, Martani C, Spreafico E, Fierro G, Pugliese F, De Cosmo G, Aceto P, Servillo G, Monaco F. Monitoring cerebral oxygen saturation in elderly patients undergoing general abdominal surgery: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2007 Jan;24(1):59-65. doi: 10.1017/S0265021506001025. Epub 2006 Jul 7.
- Ghali AM. The efficacy of 0.75% levobupivacaine versus 0.75% ropivacaine for peribulbar anesthesia in vitreoretinal surgery. Saudi J Anaesth. 2012 Jan;6(1):22-6. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.93050.
- Ripart J, Lefrant JY, Vivien B, Charavel P, Fabbro-Peray P, Jaussaud A, Dupeyron G, Eledjam JJ. Ophthalmic regional anesthesia: medial canthus episcleral (sub-tenon) anesthesia is more efficient than peribulbar anesthesia: A double-blind randomized study. Anesthesiology. 2000 May;92(5):1278-85. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200005000-00015.
- BOBERG-ANS J. Experience in clinical examination of corneal sensitivity; corneal sensitivity and the naso-lacrimal reflex after retrobulbar anaesthesia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1955 Dec;39(12):705-26. doi: 10.1136/bjo.39.12.705. No abstract available.
- Wang PW, Chen ML, Huang LW, Yang W, Wu KY, Huang YF. Prenatal nonylphenol exposure, oxidative and nitrative stress, and birth outcomes: A cohort study in Taiwan. Environ Pollut. 2015 Dec;207:145-51. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.044. Epub 2015 Sep 12.
- Tsai TC, Orav EJ, Jha AK. Patient satisfaction and quality of surgical care in US hospitals. Ann Surg. 2015 Jan;261(1):2-8. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000765.
- Astrup J. Energy-requiring cell functions in the ischemic brain. Their critical supply and possible inhibition in protective therapy. J Neurosurg. 1982 Apr;56(4):482-97. doi: 10.3171/jns.1982.56.4.0482. No abstract available.
- Shokunbi MT, Gelb AW, Wu XM, Miller DJ. Continuous lidocaine infusion and focal feline cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1990 Jan;21(1):107-11. doi: 10.1161/01.str.21.1.107.
- Rasool N, Faroqui M, Rubinstein EH. Lidocaine accelerates neuroelectrical recovery after incomplete global ischemia in rabbits. Stroke. 1990 Jun;21(6):929-35. doi: 10.1161/01.str.21.6.929.
- Haschke RH, Fink BR. Lidocaine effects on brain mitochondrial metabolism in vitro. Anesthesiology. 1975 Jun;42(6):737-40. doi: 10.1097/00000542-197506000-00018.
- Baik JS, Sohn JT, Ok SH, Kim JG, Sung HJ, Park SS, Park JY, Hwang EM, Chung YK. Levobupivacaine-induced contraction of isolated rat aorta is calcium dependent. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011 Jul;89(7):467-76. doi: 10.1139/y11-046. Epub 2011 Jul 21.
- Sung HJ, Ok SH, Sohn JY, Son YH, Kim JK, Lee SH, Han JY, Lim DH, Shin IW, Lee HK, Chung YK, Choi MJ, Sohn JT. Vasoconstriction potency induced by aminoamide local anesthetics correlates with lipid solubility. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:170958. doi: 10.1155/2012/170958. Epub 2012 Jun 17.
- Birt DJ, Cummings GC. The efficacy and safety of 0.75% levobupivacaine vs 0.75% bupivacaine for peribulbar anaesthesia. Eye (Lond). 2003 Mar;17(2):200-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6700313.
- Suehiro K, Okutai R. Duration of cerebral desaturation time during single-lung ventilation correlates with mini mental state examination score. J Anesth. 2011 Jun;25(3):345-9. doi: 10.1007/s00540-011-1136-1. Epub 2011 Apr 12.
- Zhang Y, Qian Y, Bao H, Shi H, Zhou J. [Effect of Stellate Ganglion Block on Bilateral Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Postoperative Cognitive Function]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi. 2016 Feb;33(1):132-5. Chinese.
- Aksu R, Bicer C, Ozkiris A, Akin A, Bayram A, Boyaci A. Comparison of 0.5% levobupivacaine, 0.5% bupivacaine, and 2% lidocaine for retrobulbar anesthesia in vitreoretinal surgery. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2009 Mar-Apr;19(2):280-4. doi: 10.1177/112067210901900217.
- Simonson D. Retrobulbar block: a review for the clinician. AANA J. 1990 Dec;58(6):456-61.
- Murphy PJ, Lawrenson JG, Patel S, Marshall J. Reliability of the non-contact corneal aesthesiometer and its comparison with the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1998 Nov;18(6):532-9.
- Pacella E, Collini S, Pacella F, Piraino DC, Santamaria V, De Blasi RA. Levobupivacaine vs. racemic bupivacaine in peribulbar anaesthesia: a randomized double blind study in ophthalmic surgery. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2010 Jun;14(6):539-44.
- Kim MN, Durduran T, Frangos S, Edlow BL, Buckley EM, Moss HE, Zhou C, Yu G, Choe R, Maloney-Wilensky E, Wolf RL, Grady MS, Greenberg JH, Levine JM, Yodh AG, Detre JA, Kofke WA. Noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygenation using near-infrared and diffuse correlation spectroscopies in critically brain-injured adults. Neurocrit Care. 2010 Apr;12(2):173-80. doi: 10.1007/s12028-009-9305-x.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (ACTUAL)
Primary Completion (ACTUAL)
Study Completion (ACTUAL)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (ACTUAL)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (ACTUAL)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
- Mental Disorders
- Neurocognitive Disorders
- Cognition Disorders
- Cognitive Dysfunction
- Physiological Effects of Drugs
- Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
- Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Sensory System Agents
- Anesthetics
- Membrane Transport Modulators
- Anesthetics, Local
- Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers
- Sodium Channel Blockers
- Lidocaine
- Levobupivacaine
Other Study ID Numbers
- PYO.TIP.1904.15.009
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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