Epigenetic Reprogramming in Relapse/Refractory AML

Epigenetic Reprogramming in Relapse AML: A Phase 1 Study of Decitabine and Vorinostat Followed by Fludarabine, Cytarabine and G-CSF (FLAG) in Children and Young Adults With Relapsed/Refractory AML

This is a pilot study using decitabine and vorinostat before and during chemotherapy with fludarabine, cytarabine and G-CSF (FLAG).

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Decitabine; Drug: Vorinostat; Drug: Filgrastim (G-CSF); Drug: Fludarabine; Drug: Cytarabine

Detailed Description

Decitabine is a demethylating agent and vorinostat is a HDAC inhibitor. The use of demethylating agents and HDAC inhibitors in combination have been previously shown to have synergistic effects in altering neoplastic pathways of cancer cells and be well tolerated in human clinical studies. With the ability of decitabine and vorinostat to alter the abnormal cellular pathways of leukemic blasts and essentially turn off anti-apoptotic proteins, the leukemia cells have become primed for cytotoxic cell kill via chemotherapeutic agents. This study will ask the question as to whether or not the combination of decitabine and vorinostat followed by chemotherapy is feasible and whether it can positively impact outcome in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myelogenous leukemia.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 37
• Phase: Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Australia
  • Westmead, Australia
    • Children's Hospital at Westmead
  • New South Wales
    • Randwick, New South Wales, Australia, 2031
      • Sydney Children's Hospital
• Canada
  • British Columbia
    • Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6H 3V4
      • British Columbia Children's Hospital
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
      • Hospital for Sick Children
  • Quebec
    • Montreal, Quebec, Canada
      • Sainte Justine University Hospital
• United States
  • California
    • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90027
      • Children's Hospital Los Angeles
    • Orange, California, United States, 92868
      • Children's Hospital Orange County
    • San Francisco, California, United States, 94158
      • UCSF School of Medicine
  • Colorado
    • Aurora, Colorado, United States, 80045
      • The Children's Hospital, University of Colorado
  • District of Columbia
    • Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20010
      • Children's National Medical Center
  • Florida
    • Miami, Florida, United States, 33136
      • University of Miami
    • Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States, 33701
      • All Children's Hospital
  • Georgia
    • Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30322
      • Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University
  • Illinois
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611
      • Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21231
      • Johns Hopkins University
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21231
      • Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
    • Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892
      • National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Oncology Branch
  • Massachusetts
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215
      • Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
  • Michigan
    • Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109-0914
      • C.S. Mott Children's Hospital
    • Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
      • CS Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor
  • Minnesota
    • Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55404
      • Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota
  • New York
    • New York, New York, United States, 10016
      • New York University Medical Center
    • New York, New York, United States, 10032
      • Children's Hospital New York-Presbyterian
  • North Carolina
    • Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, 28203
      • Levine Children's Hospital
  • Ohio
    • Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45229
      • Cincinnati Children's Hospital
    • Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43205
      • Nationwide Children's Hospital
  • Oregon
    • Portland, Oregon, United States, 97239
      • Oregon Health and Science University
  • Pennsylvania
    • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104
      • Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
  • Texas
    • Fort Worth, Texas, United States, 76104
      • Cook Children's Medical Center
    • Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
      • Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor
  • Utah
    • Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, 84113
      • Primary Children's Hospital
  • Washington
    • Seattle, Washington, United States, 98105
      • Seattle Children's Hospital
  • Wisconsin
    • Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, 53226
      • Medical College of Wisconsin

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 1 year to 25 years (ADULT, CHILD)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

- Patients must be ≥ 1 and ≤25 years of age.

Diagnosis: Patients with relapse or refractory AML must have measurable disease ( >M1 marrow)

• 1st or greater relapse, OR
• Failed to go into remission after 1st or greater relapse, OR
• Failed to go into remission from original diagnosis after 2 or more induction attempts

Eligibility for patients with an M1 marrow; defined as >0.1% by flow or molecular testing (e.g. PCR).

• must include two serial marrows (at least 1-week apart) demonstrating stable or rising minimal residual disease (MRD) (i.e. not declining).
• Patients may have CNS or other sites of extramedullary disease. No cranial irradiation is allowed during the protocol therapy.
• Patients with secondary AML are eligible.
• Patients with Down syndrome are eligible.
• Patients with DNA fragility syndromes (such as Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome) are excluded.

Performance Level:

- Karnofsky >50% for patients >16 years of age and Lansky > 50% for patients ≤ 16 years of age (See Appendix II for Performance Scales)

Prior therapy - Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy prior to entering this study.

1. Cytoreduction with hydroxyurea: hydroxyurea can be initiated and continued for up to 24 hours prior to the start of decitabine/vorinostat. It is recommended to use hydroxyurea in patients with significant leukocytosis (WBC >50,000/L) to control blast count before initiation of systemic protocol therapy.
2. Patients who relapsed while they are receiving cytotoxic therapy: at least 14 days must have elapsed since the completion of the cytotoxic therapy, except Intrathecal chemotherapy.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT):

- Patients who have experienced their relapse after a HSCT are eligible, provided they have no evidence of acute or chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) and are off all transplant immune suppression therapy for at least 7-days (e.g. steroids, cyclosporine, tacrolimus). Steroid therapy for non-GVHD and/or non-leukemia therapy is acceptable.

Hematopoietic growth factors:

- It must have been at least 7 days since the completion of therapy with GCSF or other growth factors at the time of enrollment. It must have been at least 14 days since the completion of therapy with pegfilgrastim (Neulasta ®)

Biologic (anti-neoplastic agent):

-At least 7 days after the last dose of a biologic agent. For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur. The duration of this interval must be discussed with the study chair.

Monoclonal antibodies: At least 3 half-lives of the antibody must have elapsed after the last dose of monoclonal antibody (i.e. Gemtuzumab = 36 days)

Immunotherapy: At least 42 days after the completion of any time of immunotherapy, e.g. tumor vaccines or CAR T-cell therapy.

XRT: Cranio or craniospinal XRT is prohibited during protocol therapy. No washout period is necessary for radiation given to non-CNS chloromas; >90 days must have elapsed if prior TBI, cranio or craniospinal XRT.

Prior Demethylating and/or HDAC Inhibitor Therapy: Patients who have received prior DNMTi (e.g. decitabine) and/or HDACi (e.g. vorinostat) therapy are eligible to participate in this Phase 1 study. At least 7 days must have passed from prior DNMTi or HDACi as a washout period.

Renal and hepatic function: Patients must have adequate renal and hepatic functions as indicated by the following laboratory values:

A. Adequate renal function defined as: Patient must have a calculated creatinine clearance or radioisotope GFR ≥ 70ml/min/1.73m2 OR a normal serum creatinine based on age/gender.

B. Adequate Liver Function Defined as: Direct bilirubin < 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) for age or normal, AND alanine transaminase (ALT) < 5 x ULN for age. The hepatic requirements are waived for patients with known or suspected liver involvement by leukemia. This must be reviewed by and approved by the study chair or vice chair.

Adequate Cardiac Function Defined as: Shortening fraction of ≥ 27% by echocardiogram, OR ejection fraction of ≥ 50% by radionuclide angiogram (MUGA).

Reproductive Function A. Female patients of childbearing potential must have a negative urine or serum pregnancy test confirmed within 1 week prior to enrollment.

B. Female patients with infants must agree not to breastfeed their infants while on this study.

C. Male and female patients of child-bearing potential must agree to use an effective method of contraception approved by the investigator during the study and for a minimum of 6 months after study treatment.

Exclusion Criteria:

• No NG or G-Tube administration of Vorinostat is allowed. Capsule must be swallowed whole or given as oral suspension.
• They are currently receiving other investigational drugs.
• There is a plan to administer non-protocol chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy during the study period.
• They have significant concurrent disease, illness, psychiatric disorder or social issue that would compromise patient safety or compliance, interfere with consent, study participation, follow up, or interpretation of study results.
• They have a known allergy to any of the drugs used in the study.
• Patients with DNA fragility syndromes are excluded (e.g. Fanconi Anemia, Bloom Syndrome)
• They are receiving valproic acid (VPA) therapy.
• Patients with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL, APML) are excluded
• Patients with documented active and uncontrolled infection at the time of study entry are not eligible

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: NA
• Interventional Model: SINGLE_GROUP
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Intervention / Treatment

OTHER: Other; decitabine, vorinostat, fludarabine, high dose cytarabine, filgrastim (G-CSF)

Drug: Decitabine; Dose Level #0: 5 mg/m2 Dose Level #1: 7.5 mg/m2 Dose Level #2: 10 mg/m2 Dose Level #3: 15 mg/m2 Dose Level #4: 20 mg/m2 given IV over __ hour on days 1 through 5; Other Names: Dacogen; Drug: Vorinostat; Age <18: 180 mg/m2/day once daily PO. Age≥18: 200 mg twice daily PO.; Other Names: Zolinza, SAHA, suberoylanilide acid; Drug: Filgrastim (G-CSF); Given on days 5 until evidence of ANC recovery (>500/µL)5µg/kg/dose IV or SQ (starting at hour 0); Other Names: G-CSF, neupogen; Drug: Fludarabine; 30 mg/m2/day IV over 30 minutes (starting at Hour 0 - Immediately after G-CSF); Other Names: Fludara; Drug: Cytarabine; 2000 mg/m2/day (Starting at Hour 0.5),IV over 3 hours, days 6-10; Other Names: Cytosine arabinoside, Ara-C, Cytosar

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
The dose of decitabine that can be safely given with vorinostat, fludarabine, high dose cytarabine and G-CSF (FLAG)	The incidence of dose limiting toxicity (DLT) will be measured. The maximum tolerated dose will be the highest study dose at which 1 or fewer of six patients experience DLT during cycle 1 of therapy	during course 1, approx 5 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
To examine peripheral blood mononuclear cells for immunophenotypic changes.	To examine peripheral blood mononuclear cells for immunophenotypic changes using peripheral blood samples	approx 8 weeks
To analyze plasma for cytokine content.	To analyze plasma for cytokine content using plasma samples.	approx 8 weeks
To analyze the correlation between biological changes and clinical response.	To analyze the correlation between biological changes and clinical response using standard statistical methods	approx 8 weeks
To establish the extent of hypomethylation of peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) pre- and post- decitabine and vorinostat treatment:	Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) will be used to analyze the genome-wide methylation profiles on a single nucleotide level; To quantitatively assess global changes in DNA methylation, a LINE-methylation assay will be utilized and specific genes monitored through advanced Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip from Illumina. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with antibodies specific for histone modifications associated with transcriptional activation (H3K4me3 and H3K27ac) and repression (H3K9me3 and H3K27me3) and isotype controls, followed by DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq); RNA sequencing analysis will be used to measure global transcriptome changes. Profiles of CD33+ umbilical cord blood cells, whole bone marrow, or Peripheral Blood Stem Cells (PBSCs) will be used as normal controls for each sample.	approx 8 weeks
To analyze the correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression pre- and post-treatment with decitabine and vorinostat.	Assessment of the in vivo effects of combined DNMTi/HDACi on the functional epigenetic profile by comparing the following in paired pre- (Day 0) and post-exposure (Day 5, Day 14 and Day 35) leukemic blasts: Reversal of DNA promoter hypermethylation of "repressed" genes of interest using RRBS, validated with Pyrosequencing-based methylation assay; Increase in H3K9/14 acetylation in association with "repressed" genes of interest using H3K9/14 ChIP-seq, validated with ChIP-qPCR; Reversal of transcriptional silencing of "repressed" genes of interest using RNA seq, validated by qRT-PCR. Since significant acute cell kill is unlikely during the 5-day "window" of DNMTi/HDACi, we will have a unique opportunity to assess the in vivo effects of epigenetic therapy with the Day 5 sample. The Day 14 peripheral blood and Day 35 marrow samples will also contribute in patients whose leukemic blasts persist at these time points.	approx 8 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Therapeutic Advances in Childhood Leukemia Consortium

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): July 11, 2017
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): July 9, 2020
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): February 10, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 21, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 23, 2017
• First Posted (ACTUAL): August 28, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): June 24, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 22, 2022
• Last Verified: September 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Pediatric; Refractory; Leukemia; Relapse; Acute; Myelogenous
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Neoplasms by Histologic Type; Neoplasms; Disease Attributes; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Recurrence; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiviral Agents; Enzyme Inhibitors; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antimetabolites; Antineoplastic Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents; Immunologic Factors; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Decitabine; Fludarabine; Cytarabine; Vorinostat
• Other Study ID Numbers: T2016-003

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: Yes