Ligation and Hemorrhoidopexy Technique Versus Ligation of Hemorrhoidal Arteries Using Ultrasound for Hemorrhoids

Comparison Between the Ligation and Hemorrhoidopexy Technique and the Conventional Ligation of Hemorrhoidal Arteries Using Ultrasound: a Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study

The purpose of this study is to compare two techniques for treating hemorrhoids, the ligation and hemorrhoidopexy technique and the conventional ligation of hemorrhoidal arteries using ultrasound, in patients with non-complicated hemorrhoids.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Hemorrhoids
• Intervention / Treatment: Procedure: Ligation and Hemorrhoidopexy; Procedure: Ultrasound Guided Ligation of Hemorrhoidal Arteries

Detailed Description

Surgical operations for the treatment of perianal diseases are a major part of all elective surgical cases. The reduction in the hospitalization time of patients undergoing surgical procedures for benign perianal diseases is to the benefit of both the patient and healthcare provider. The importance of 'one day' surgical operations lies in the fact that the patient returns directly to his social and working environment, while the number of occupied hospital beds and the total hospitalization costs are reduced. A typical example is the goal set by National Health Service (NHS), where the 75% of the scheduled operations should consist of 'one day' operations. In order to achieve this goal, several obstacles should be dealt with, including the implementation of more efficient and safe surgical techniques. Therefore, this would be associated with a decrease in the operation time, early recovery and faster hospital discharge.

Hemorrhoids is one of the most common benign perianal diseases. According to a recent prospective study of 976 patients, 38.93% of them suffered from hemorrhoids, with 8.16% and 0.53% being Grade III and IV, according to Goligher classification, respectively. The percentage of the symptomatic patients was, also, significant (44.74%). Symptomatic hemorrhoids, include bleeding, pruritus, pain, poor hygiene and the presence of palpable hemorrhoid nodules.

As far as the blood supply of the rectum and the broader anatomic region is concerned, it is provided by the superior, middle and inferior hemorrhoidal arteries. The superior hemorrhoidal artery is a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery and is carried behind the rectum, where it provides branches up to the internal sphincter muscle. The right and left middle hemorrhoidal artery originate from the respective internal iliac artery and their branches are cross-linked with the respective branches deriving from the superior hemorrhoidal artery. Finally, inferior hemorrhoidal arteries derive from the respective internal pudendal arteries. Correspondingly, hemorrhoidal venous plexus consists of the middle and inferior hemorrhoidal veins, which through the internal iliac veins drain into the inferior cava vein. Hemorrhoidal tissue constitutes a continence mechanism of the upper rectum and consists of vascular tissue, connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers, within the rectal canal. Through the approximation of the hemorrhoidal tissue, closure of the anal canal and protection of the sphincter mechanism is achieved. Since modern pathogenesis theories of hemorrhoidal disease attribute to the increased arterial flow in the hemorrhoidal plexus the generating cause of this disease, recent anatomical studies mapped the vascular network, indicating that the arteries are not confined to the anatomical regions described in the literature.

According to recent guidelines, the modification of dietary intake, through the increase of fluid and fiber intake, consists the first line treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease. However, in Grade III-IV hemorrhoidal disease or in Grade II, where conservative therapy failed, surgical intervention is required. Surgeon has plenty of techniques at his disposal, in order to treat hemorrhoids. Examples of these techniques are operations, such as hemorrhoidectomy (open, closed, Milligan-Morgan, Parks, using staplers, using energy sources, e.g. Harmonic, Ligasure, Laser, bipolar forceps), elastic rings ligation, sclerotherapy and Hemorrhoidal Arteries Ligation (ΗΑL) or Transanal Hemorrhoidal Dearterialization (THD).

Ligation of hemorrhoidal arteries using a Doppler apparatus, is a minimally invasive technique that was first applied by Morinaga et al. in 1995 and has as principle the elective ligation of the arteries that supply the hemorrhoidal plexus. In a recent meta-analysis, the superiority of HAL in areas such as, postoperative bleeding, emergency reoperation, operative duration, length of hospital stay and postoperative pain, was shown. A major drawback of this technique, however, remains the high rate of recurrence, which ranges from 11.1% to 59.3%, for Grade IV hemorrhoids.

Despite the comparative advantages of this minimally invasive technique, the high cost of the necessary equipment and the respective consumables, is a barrier to its broad application. Gupta et al. in a prospective randomized study, compared Doppler-Guided HAL (DG-HAL) to hemorrhoid artery ligation and hemorrhoidopexy. Ligation was performed on the hemorrhoid nodule at the 3rd, 7th and 11th hours, followed by continuous hemorrhoidal nodule ligation and hemorrhoidopexy. The DG-HAL group had a significantly longer operative time (31 min vs 9 min) and post-operative pain (4.4 vs 2.2), without any differences in complication or recurrence rates. Similarly, Huang et al., reported a respective ligation technique, where, through the use of the index finger, the artery was palpated, followed by repeating compression and ligation cycles, in order to fix the affected hemorrhoids above the dental line. In this group, operative time was longer when compared to the DG-HAL group (35.57 vs. 12.73). There was no difference in terms of postoperative improvement of symptoms and hospitalization duration. In the experimental group, however, the cost of hospitalization and the relapse rate was significantly lower. Finally, Aigner et al., in a recent randomized study, investigated the efficacy of hemorrhoidopexy for Grade III hemorrhoids. They concluded that the techniques of hemorrhoidopexy are effective and the addition of DG-HAL does not affect the results.

Given these facts, the present trial was designed, in order to compare the two techniques for hemorrhoidal disease treatment, the ligation and hemorrhoidopexy technique and the conventional ligation of hemorrhoid arteries using ultrasound.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 60
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Greece
  • Larissa
    • Lárisa, Larissa, Greece, 41110
      • Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Larissa

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 80 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Μale or female
• Age: 18 to 80 years
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score: I and II
• Grade I, II, and III hemorrhoids

Exclusion Criteria:

• Acute perianal diseases, such as perianal abscesses, complicated hemorrhoids (e.g., thrombosis) and acute anal fissure
• Malignant perianal disorders
• Patient age ≥ 80 years
• ASA score ≥ ΙΙΙ
• Presence of inflammatory bowel disease
• History of a previous rectoanal operation
• Presence of a clinically significant cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatic or metabolic disorder. Furthermore, diseases, such as obesity, psychiatric disorders or gastrointestinal disorders constitute exclusion criteria

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Triple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Ligation and Hemorrhoidopexy; The patient will be placed in the Lloyd-Davies position. Provision of a sterile field, using a 10% povidone iodine solution. Rectal dilatation will be performed with a 10% xylocaine gel. Introduction of a proctoscope. Identification of the hemorrhoidal nodules (3rd, 7th, 11th hour). Confirmation of the hemorrhoidal artery location, through palpation. Ligation of the hemorrhoidal nodules using an absorbable polyglycolic acid suture (2-0, 5/8 inch needle). Placement of a fixative suture in the hemorrhoidal nodule and then performance of hemorrhoidopexy Placement of a hemostatic gauze in the surgical field. Prior to operation, the patients will be submitted to pudendal nerve block. Using an atraumatic 25 Gauge (G) needle, a 20ml lidocaine solution (diluted with saline in a 1:1 rate) will be administered bilaterally, medially to the ischial tuberosity. 10 minutes before the operation, the patient will receive 1-2.5mg midazolam and 0.1-0.2 mg fentanyl.	Procedure: Ligation and Hemorrhoidopexy; Identification through palpation and ligation of the hemorrhoidal nodules (3rd, 7th, 11th hour), using an absorbable polyglycolic acid suture (2-0, 5/8 inch needle). Prior to operation, the patients will be submitted to pudendal nerve block.
Active Comparator: Ultrasound Guided Ligation of Hemorrhoidal Arteries; The patient will be placed in the Lloyd-Davies position. Provision of a sterile field, using a 10% povidone iodine solution. Rectal dilatation will be performed with a 10% xylocaine gel. Use of a proctoscope combined with a Doppler sensor. After the hemorrhoidal artery localization, Z ligations will be placed, using an absorbable polyglycolic acid suture (2-0, 5/8 inch needle). The proper artery ligation will be confirmed by the absence of the Doppler signal. In the presence of residual hemorrhoidal tissue hemorrhoidopexy will be performed, by applying a continuous suture. Placement of a hemostatic gauze in the surgical field. Prior to operation, the patients will be submitted to spinal anesthesia. Using an atraumatic 25 Gauge (G) needle, a levobupivacaine 5mg/ml and fentanyl 25mg solution, will be administered at the height of lumbar (L)2-L3 or L3-L4.	Procedure: Ultrasound Guided Ligation of Hemorrhoidal Arteries; Ultrasound guided identification and ligation of the hemorrhoidal arteries, using an absorbable polyglycolic acid suture (2-0, 5/8 inch needle). Prior to operation, the patients will be submitted to spinal anesthesia.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Symptoms Remission Rate	The primary endpoint of the present study, is the identification of difference in the symptoms remission rate, within one month postoperatively, between the ligation and hemorrhoidopexy technique and the conventional ligation of hemorrhoidal arteries using ultrasound, in patients with non-complicated hemorrhoidal disease. If the symptoms are treated then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If the symptoms are not treated then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	1 month postoperatively

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Operative time	The total operative time will be recorded. Measurement unit: minutes	Intraoperative period
Postoperative mobilization time	The postoperative mobilization time of the patient will be recorded. Measurement unit: hours	Maximum time frame 24 hours postoperatively
Onset of oral feeding	The time that the patient started oral feeding will be recorded. Measurement unit: hours	Maximum time frame 24 hours postoperatively
Postoperative pain level at 12 hours	Postoperative pain level at 12 hours after surgery, quantified with the use of the Visual analogue scale (VAS) scale.	12 hours postoperatively
Hypotension	Occurrence of postoperative hypotension. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	Maximum time frame 24 hours postoperatively
Nausea	Occurrence of postoperative nausea. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	Maximum time frame 24 hours postoperatively
Vomiting	Occurrence of postoperative vomiting. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	Maximum time frame 24 hours postoperatively
Headache	Occurrence of postoperative headache. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	Maximum time frame 24 hours postoperatively
Urinary retention	Occurrence of postoperative urinary retention. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	Maximum time frame 24 hours postoperatively
Bleeding at the operative site	Occurrence of postoperative bleeding at the operative site. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	Maximum time frame 24 hours postoperatively
Postoperative discharge time	Postoperative time that the patient can be safely discharged. Measurement unit: hours. The patient will be discharged, when it is ensured that is medically safe to be released. In particular, as the exit time of the patient, will be regarded the time that the patient will fulfill the Clinical Discharge Criteria. More specifically, the patient should meet the following : steady vital signs, be oriented, without nausea or vomiting, mobilized with a steady gait, without a significant bleeding.	Maximum time frame 48 hours postoperatively
Postoperative pain level at 7 days	Postoperative pain level at 7 days after surgery, quantified with the use of the VAS scale.	7 days postoperatively
Oedema at the operative site	Occurrence of postoperative oedema at the operative site. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	7 days postoperatively
Hematoma at the operative site	Occurrence of postoperative hematoma at the operative site. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	7 days postoperatively
Infection at the operative site	Occurrence of postoperative infection at the operative site. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	7 days postoperatively
Stenosis at the operative site	Occurrence of postoperative stenosis at the operative site. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	7 days postoperatively
Postoperative return to work time	The time that the patient resumed his work or normal activities will be recorded. Measurement unit: days	Postoperative period up to 1 month
Pruritus	Occurrence of postoperative pruritus at the operative site. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	1 year postoperatively
Mucosal proptosis	Occurrence of postoperative mucosal proptosis at the operative site. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	1 year postoperatively
Perianal nodules	Occurrence of postoperative perianal nodules. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	1 year postoperatively
Constipation	Occurrence of postoperative constipation. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	1 year postoperatively
Tenesmus	Occurrence of tenesmus. If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	1 year postoperatively
Reoperation	Occurrence of reoperation. If the patient is reoperated, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If the patient is not reoperated, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	1 year postoperatively
Disease recurrence rate	Disease recurrence rate If such an episode occurs, then it will be defined as=1 'YES' If such an episode does not occur, then it will be defined as=0 'NO'	1 year postoperatively
Satisfaction level	Satisfaction level measured at a 0-10 scale	1 year postoperatively
Difference in the quality of life of the patient	Difference in the quality of life of the patient, at 1 month and 1 year postoperatively, compared to the respective preoperative measurements, based on the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire, weighted for the Greek population.	Preoperatively, 1 month postoperatively and 1 year postoperatively

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Larissa University Hospital
• Collaborators: University of Thessaly
• Investigators: Study Director: Konstantinos Tepetes, Professor, Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Larissa

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

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• Morinaga K, Hasuda K, Ikeda T. A novel therapy for internal hemorrhoids: ligation of the hemorrhoidal artery with a newly devised instrument (Moricorn) in conjunction with a Doppler flowmeter. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995 Apr;90(4):610-3.
• Giordano P, Overton J, Madeddu F, Zaman S, Gravante G. Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009 Sep;52(9):1665-71. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181af50f4.
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• Rivadeneira DE, Steele SR, Ternent C, Chalasani S, Buie WD, Rafferty JL; Standards Practice Task Force of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised 2010). Dis Colon Rectum. 2011 Sep;54(9):1059-64. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0b013e318225513d. No abstract available.
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• Hosch SB, Knoefel WT, Pichlmeier U, Schulze V, Busch C, Gawad KA, Broelsch CE, Izbicki JR. Surgical treatment of piles: prospective, randomized study of Parks vs. Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998 Feb;41(2):159-64. doi: 10.1007/BF02238242.
• Senagore AJ, Singer M, Abcarian H, Fleshman J, Corman M, Wexner S, Nivatvongs S; Procedure for Prolapse and Hemmorrhoids (PPH) Multicenter Study Group. A prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter trial comparing stapled hemorrhoidopexy and Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy: perioperative and one-year results. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004 Nov;47(11):1824-36. doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-0694-9. Erratum In: Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Feb;48(2):400. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 May;48(5):1099.
• Chung CC, Cheung HY, Chan ES, Kwok SY, Li MK. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy vs. Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy: a randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Jun;48(6):1213-9. doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-0918-z.
• Lawes DA, Palazzo FF, Francis DL, Clifton MA. One year follow up of a randomized trial comparing Ligasure with open haemorrhoidectomy. Colorectal Dis. 2004 Jul;6(4):233-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2004.00608.x.
• Pandini LC, Nahas SC, Nahas CS, Marques CF, Sobrado CW, Kiss DR. Surgical treatment of haemorrhoidal disease with CO2 laser and Milligan-Morgan cold scalpel technique. Colorectal Dis. 2006 Sep;8(7):592-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2006.01023.x.
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• Gupta PJ, Kalaskar S, Taori S, Heda PS. Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation does not offer any advantage over suture ligation of grade 3 symptomatic hemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol. 2011 Dec;15(4):439-44. doi: 10.1007/s10151-011-0780-7. Epub 2011 Oct 28.
• Gupta PJ, Kalaskar S. Ligation and mucopexy for prolapsing hemorrhoids--a ten year experience. Ann Surg Innov Res. 2008 Nov 28;2:5. doi: 10.1186/1750-1164-2-5.
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• Spyridakis M, Christodoulidis G, Symeonidis D, Dimas D, Diamantis A, Polychronopoulou E, Tepetes K. Outcomes of Doppler-guided hemorrhoid artery ligation: analysis of 90 consecutive patients. Tech Coloproctol. 2011 Oct;15 Suppl 1:S21-4. doi: 10.1007/s10151-011-0727-z.
• Tepetes K, Symeonidis D, Christodoulidis G, Spyridakis M, Hatzitheofilou K. Pudendal nerve block versus local anesthesia for harmonic scalpel hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective randomized study. Tech Coloproctol. 2010 Nov;14 Suppl 1:S1-3. doi: 10.1007/s10151-010-0614-z.
• Alkhaldi HM, Salaita WM, Shabaneh MA, Al-Horut MI, Aldabbas RM, Uraiqat AA. Postoperative Outcome Comparison Between Pudendal Nerve Block and Caudal Block After Lateral Open Internal Sphincterotomy. Med Arch. 2015 Jun;69(3):187-9. doi: 10.5455/medarh.2015.69.187-189. Epub 2015 Jun 10.
• Perivoliotis K, Spyridakis M, Zintzaras E, Arnaoutoglou E, Pramateftakis MG, Tepetes K. An enhanced outpatient modality for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease: preliminary results. G Chir. 2019 Mar-Apr;40(2):153-157.
• Perivoliotis K, Spyridakis M, Zintzaras E, Arnaoutoglou E, Pramateftakis MG, Tepetes K. Non-Doppler hemorrhoidal artery ligation and hemorrhoidopexy combined with pudendal nerve block for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2021 Feb;36(2):353-363. doi: 10.1007/s00384-020-03768-8. Epub 2020 Oct 6.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): October 1, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 15, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): July 15, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 22, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 26, 2017
• First Posted (Actual): October 2, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 12, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 8, 2020
• Last Verified: October 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Ultrasound; Randomized Controlled Trial; Hemorrhoids; Prospective; Ligation
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Digestive System Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Intestinal Diseases; Rectal Diseases; Hemorrhoids
• Other Study ID Numbers: Hemorrhoids RCT

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No