Rituximab and Belimumab Combination Therapy in PR3 Vasculitis (COMBIVAS)

A Randomised, Double Blind, Controlled Mechanistic Study of Rituximab and Belimumab Combination Therapy in PR3 ANCA-associated Vasculitis

Mechanistic study to assess whether dual B-cell immunotherapy by co-administration of rituximab and belimumab will result in improvements in biological endpoints, functional outcomes and clinical status compared to rituximab with placebo.

Study Overview

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Conditions: Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis; ANCA Associated Vasculitis
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Belimumab; Drug: Rituximab; Drug: Prednisolone

Detailed Description

AAV is an organ and life threatening multisystem autoimmune disease, where ANCA are strongly implicated in disease pathogenesis, causing neutrophil activation and endothelial damage. B cell depletion with rituximab, and treatment with glucocorticoids, is associated with reduction in ANCA levels and clinical remission in AAV. However, patients with proteinase 3 (PR3) ANCA subtype and/or predominantly granulomatous disease have a lower remission rate (42% vs 9% failure rate compared to other subtypes) after rituximab and glucocorticoids, with a high subsequent relapse risk of 50% by 13 months. There is a need for newer therapies to reduce the time to remission, to spare glucocorticoid use, and to promote long-lasting remission without risk of relapse. Scientific evidence suggests that dual B-cell targeted immunotherapy with both B cell depletion (i.e. rituximab as anti-CD20) and B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) blockade (i.e. belimumab) may be more efficacious than targeting either mechanism alone. Therefore, this mechanistic trial will assess whether dual B-cell immunotherapy by co-administration of rituximab and belimumab will result in improvements in mechanistic endpoints, functional outcomes and clinical status compared to rituximab with placebo.

The efficacy of B cell therapy depends on depletion of pathogenic B cells and the regulated reconstitution of the B cell compartment. Response to rituximab is associated with peripheral blood B cell depletion, but this is incomplete on high resolution FACS and at the disease tissue level in ANCA vasculitis patients. Early relapse is associated with a failure to become ANCA negative by 6 months, a failure of tissue B cell depletion (including PR3 specific B cells), a high proportion of memory B cells before rituximab treatment and early peripheral B cell reconstitution with a predominant memory phenotype.

Combining B cell depleting therapy (rituximab) with BLyS antagonism (belimumab) may enhance B cell targeting in AAV through several mechanisms: belimumab reduces both CD20+ and CD20- plasmablast populations in SLE patients hence combination therapy may impact a broader B cell population than targeting CD20 alone. High BLyS levels in tissue niches may also retain B cells and protect against depletion by rituximab. As observed in the BLISS studies, belimumab is associated with an early rise in peripheral blood memory B cells, possibly due to mobilisation from lymphoid tissue. Studies on tissue B cell depletion and BLyS in pre-clinical models support the concept of combining anti-CD20 and BLyS targeting and assessing tissue depletion in lymph node biopsies as well as in blood. High BLyS levels during B cell reconstitution post rituximab can promote return of autoreactive B cell resulting in more severe flares. Regulation of BLyS levels post depletion is thought to set a higher stringency for B cell reconstitution, selecting out autoreactive B cells and would directly target any BLyS driven rebound effect.

Rituximab will be dosed at Days 8 and 22, after initiation of belimumab and discontinuation of baseline immunosuppressants. Dosing at Day 8 and Day 22 is justified by: a) separation of start times for belimumab and rituximab, thereby allowing for observation of safety events which may be attributable to starting treatment with the individual agents, and b) evidence that belimumab may mobilise B cells into the periphery making them available targets for anti-CD20 treatment, therefore, starting belimumab prior to rituximab may allow more efficient peripheral B cell depletion by rituximab. Continuing belimumab therapy for 52 weeks ensures that anti-BLyS activity continues during the critical timeframe of B cell reconstitution post rituximab (median time 8.5 to 12.6 months) reducing the potential for high levels of BLyS during this time. Assessments during follow-up after completion of beliumumab / belimumab-placebo therapy allow assessment of whether immunological and clinical remission is maintained once B cell reconstitution has taken place.

A barrier to research of B cell targeted therapy has been the difficulty in obtaining sequential cells from sites where the immune dysregulation occurs or sites of inflammation. Therefore, the inclusion of both lymph node biopsies and nasal tissue biopsies in this trial will potentially permit direct characterisation of pathogenic cells at key sites, their microenvironment and, critically, the interaction of B cells with helper T cells, the primary drivers of the abnormal immune response

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 31
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United Kingdom
  • Cambridge, United Kingdom
    • Addenbrooke's Hospital
  • Glasgow, United Kingdom
    • Glasgow Royal Infirmary
  • London, United Kingdom
    • Imperial College London
  • London, United Kingdom
    • Royal Free Hospital
  • Newcastle, United Kingdom
    • Royal Freemann Hospital
  • Nottingham, United Kingdom
    • Nottingham University Hospitals

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Participants must be 18 of age

• Have a diagnosis of AAV (granulomatosis with polyangiitis or microscopic polyangiitis)
• Have PR3 ANCA positivity by ELISA at screening
• Have active disease defined by one major or three minor disease activity items on BVAS/WG
• Be capable of giving signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• MPO ANCA or anti-GBM antibody positivity by ELISA at screening
• Presence of pulmonary haemorrhage with hypoxia at screening
• Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 ml/min/1.73m2 at screening
• Have an acute serious or chronic infection at screening
• Have received any B cell targeted therapy within 364 days of Day 1
• Have received any steroid injection (e.g., intramuscular [IM], intraarticular, or IV) within 60 days of Day 1 (unless given during or 14 days before screening period)
• Have received >1.5mg methylprednisolone (IV) between 14 days prior to screening and Day 1 (including Day 1).
• Have received oral prednisolone >10mg/day (or equivalent) on average over the 30 days prior to screening
• Have undetectable peripheral blood B cells at screening
• Have IgG <400mg/dl at screening

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Triple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Belimumab; Weekly 200mg SC injections of belimumab for 12 months	Drug: Belimumab; Sub-cutaneous injection; Other Names: Benlysta; Drug: Rituximab; IV infusion 1g x 2; Other Names: Truxima; Drug: Prednisolone; 20mg prednisolone tapering dose; Other Names: prednisone
Placebo Comparator: Belimumab placebo; Weekly SC injections of belimumab placebo for 12 months	Drug: Rituximab; IV infusion 1g x 2; Other Names: Truxima; Drug: Prednisolone; 20mg prednisolone tapering dose; Other Names: prednisone

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Time to PR3 ANCA negativity	ELISA analysis at different time points to determine when PR3 ANCA can no longer be detected	Analysed at 24 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Proportion of participants with PR3 ANCA negativity	Measured by ELISA at various time points	2 years
Change from baseline of certain cell subsets	Measured by flow cytometry at various time points	2 years
Time to clinical remission	Measured by BVAS/WG	2 years
Incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs)	Hospitalisation or serious events	2 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Rachel Jones
• Collaborators: GlaxoSmithKline; Imperial College London; University College, London; Medical Research Council; Newcastle University; University of Cambridge; University of Glasgow
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Rachel B Jones, Addenbrookes Hospital

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Serling-Boyd N, Wallace ZS. Management of primary vasculitides with biologic and novel small molecule medications. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021 Jan;33(1):8-14. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000756.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): February 1, 2019
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): April 1, 2023
• Study Completion (Anticipated): November 1, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 18, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 27, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): May 30, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 8, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 21, 2022
• Last Verified: February 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: proteinase 3
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cardiovascular Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Systemic Vasculitis; Vasculitis; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antirheumatic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents; Immunologic Factors; Glucocorticoids; Hormones; Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological; Prednisolone; Rituximab; Prednisone; Belimumab
• Other Study ID Numbers: 206852

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No