The Impact of Training on Sitting Time and Brain Volumes in Multiple Sclerosis. (EXIMS)

The Impact of Structured Exercise on Physical Fitness, Sedentary Time, Brain Volume, Cognitive, Health-related and Immunological Parameters in Multiple Sclerosis.

The current study aims to investigate whether persons with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) compensate training time with more sedentary time and consequently blunt training effects. The second aim will be to investigate the effect of a structured training program on specific brain volumes and cognitive variables.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Multiple Sclerosis
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Periodized, home-based running program

Detailed Description

Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive, autoimmune, neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that predominantly affects young to middle-aged adults. It is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process that causes demyelination, axonal damage and white matter lesions across the CNS. Furthermore, evidence also indicates grey matter (GM) atrophy which has been reported to be significantly correlated with both clinical and cognitive deterioration. Clinical manifestations include spasticity, tremor, paralysis, walking difficulties and cognitive abnormalities. Due to these primary disease symptoms, persons with MS (PwMS) appear to be susceptible to a sedentary lifestyle and inactivity, which consequently increases the risk of other important, health-related secondary deficits including respiratory, metabolic and cardiac dysfunction. These deficits further contribute to a decrease in cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life (QoL), thereby causing a vicious circle of decreased exercise tolerance, greater disability and increased inactivity. Since pharmacological treatment has little impact on these secondary deficits, exercise therapy has become an important aspect of the treatment of MS.

Hence, exercise therapy interventions in MS have been studied extensively and have already been proven to significantly improve cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, balance, fatigue, cognition, quality of life, respiratory function and brain volumes. Moreover, a dose-response relationship has been reported for functional variables such as strength and endurance capacity. As such, high intensity interval training (HIIT) probably is exerts superior effects compared to traditional low/moderate intensity continuous training (MICT). However and in contrast with other populations, effects of HIIT on important health-related variables such as body composition, blood pressure and blood lipid profiles are less evident. Possibly, PwMS do not reach the exercise intensities required to improve such factors due to cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, leading to impaired carotid baroreflex control, attenuated elevations in blood pressure and disturbed increases in heart rate, and abnormal muscle energy metabolism. Moreover, higher intensities might hamper longer-term implementation in real life, as an inverse relation between exercise intensity and training adherence has already been reported.

Training periodization (alternating HIIT and MICT) offers a solution to overcome the barrier of adherence and concurrently augmenting training effects, but in contrast to other populations, the addition of a lower intensity training component does still not improve health-related variables. Therefore, other approaches are warranted. Recently, evidence is growing that sedentary time is an important health risk factor, independent of the (dis)practice of structured exercise. Hence, PwMS possibly compensate training effects with even more sedentary time, in addition to an already sedentary lifestyle as mentioned previously. As such, addressing sedentary time might be an interesting new approach to counteract the health-related deficits in PwMS. Therefore, the present study explores the impact of a structured exercise program on sedentary time and health-related variables.

Furthermore, a secondary aim of the current project is to investigate the effect of a periodized training program on brain volumes and cognitive function. Recent evidence of physical training effects on cognitive variables is contradictory. So for exercise intervention studies that studied the latter only used short-term and laboratory-based training programs and included exercise modalities (type, intensity, duration) that are difficult to compare. Interestingly, a recent short-term randomized controlled trial reported superior effects of HIIT on cognitive functions compared to MICT. Hence, the current study aims to investigate the impact of a long-term, home-based training program with HIIT-components on cognitive variables.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 156
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Belgium
  • Limburg
    • Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium, 3590
      • Hasselt University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Multiple Sclerosis according to the McDonald criteria (Relaps remitting)
• Written informed consent
• Medical safety screening

Exclusion Criteria:

• Contra-indications to participate in moderate to high intensity exercise
• Contra-indications to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (pacemaker/defibrillator or wires other than sternal wires, insulin pumps, metal foreign bodies, deep brain stimulator, cerebral aneurysm clips, cochlear implant, magnetic dental implant, drug infusion device)
• Medication changes in the last month before the start of the intervention
• Following or plan to follow a weight reduction program
• Pregnancy
• Participation in another study
• Acute MS exacerbation < 3 months prior to the start of the study
• EDSS score > 4
• Consumption of more than 20 alcohol units/week
• No daily internet access

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: NON_RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

6

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: MS - training goal 1; Persons with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) with a 'poor VO2max', a 'fair VO2max' with no running experience and a 'good VO2max' with no running experience (VO2max values according to V.H. Heyward, Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, Fifth Edition, 2006, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics) will receive an exercise intervention existing of home-based running sessions. Participants of the first training group will be trained to run continuously for 45 minutes.	Other: Periodized, home-based running program; All participants will perform a home-based supervised exercise training program. Participants will receive weekly training instructions using a smartphone-based heart rate monitor application (Polar® app). Training sessions will involve running and the design of the training program will be based on linear periodization, where aerobic capacity is built firstly through a period of high-volume/low-intensity training before the proportion of high-intensity training is increased. The total duration of the exercise program will be 12 months with three weekly training sessions. Training progression will be dependent on initial VO2max values and running experience. VO2max classification is based on reference values described in V.H. Heyward, Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, Fifth Edition, 2006, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
EXPERIMENTAL: HC - training goal 1; Healthy control (HC) persons with a 'poor VO2max', a 'fair VO2max' with no running experience and a 'good VO2max' with no running experience (VO2max values according to V.H. Heyward, Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, Fifth Edition, 2006, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics) will receive an exercise intervention existing of home-based running sessions. Participants of the first training group will be trained to run continuously for 45 minutes.	Other: Periodized, home-based running program; All participants will perform a home-based supervised exercise training program. Participants will receive weekly training instructions using a smartphone-based heart rate monitor application (Polar® app). Training sessions will involve running and the design of the training program will be based on linear periodization, where aerobic capacity is built firstly through a period of high-volume/low-intensity training before the proportion of high-intensity training is increased. The total duration of the exercise program will be 12 months with three weekly training sessions. Training progression will be dependent on initial VO2max values and running experience. VO2max classification is based on reference values described in V.H. Heyward, Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, Fifth Edition, 2006, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
EXPERIMENTAL: MS - training goal 2; PwMS with a 'fair VO2max' and running experience, a 'good VO2max and running experience', an 'excellent VO2max' and a 'superior VO2max' (VO2max values according to V.H. Heyward, Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, Fifth Edition, 2006, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics) will receive an exercise intervention existing of home-based running sessions. Participants of the second training group will be trained to run continuously for 75 minutes.	Other: Periodized, home-based running program; All participants will perform a home-based supervised exercise training program. Participants will receive weekly training instructions using a smartphone-based heart rate monitor application (Polar® app). Training sessions will involve running and the design of the training program will be based on linear periodization, where aerobic capacity is built firstly through a period of high-volume/low-intensity training before the proportion of high-intensity training is increased. The total duration of the exercise program will be 12 months with three weekly training sessions. Training progression will be dependent on initial VO2max values and running experience. VO2max classification is based on reference values described in V.H. Heyward, Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, Fifth Edition, 2006, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
EXPERIMENTAL: HC - training goal 2; HC with a 'fair VO2max' and running experience, a 'good VO2max and running experience', an 'excellent VO2max' and a 'superior VO2max' (VO2max values according to V.H. Heyward, Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, Fifth Edition, 2006, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics) will receive an exercise intervention existing of home-based running sessions. Participants of the second training group will be trained to run continuously for 75 minutes.	Other: Periodized, home-based running program; All participants will perform a home-based supervised exercise training program. Participants will receive weekly training instructions using a smartphone-based heart rate monitor application (Polar® app). Training sessions will involve running and the design of the training program will be based on linear periodization, where aerobic capacity is built firstly through a period of high-volume/low-intensity training before the proportion of high-intensity training is increased. The total duration of the exercise program will be 12 months with three weekly training sessions. Training progression will be dependent on initial VO2max values and running experience. VO2max classification is based on reference values described in V.H. Heyward, Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, Fifth Edition, 2006, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
NO_INTERVENTION: MS - sedentary control group; Twenty PwMS will receive no intervention, only usual care.
NO_INTERVENTION: HC - sedentary control group; Twenty HC will receive no intervention, only usual care.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of steps per day	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Before start of the training program
Number of steps per day	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 1 of the training program
Number of steps per day	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 24 of the training program
Number of steps per day	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 48 of the training program
Number of steps per day	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	3 months after the training program
Sitting time	Sedentary behaviour will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Before start of the training program
Sitting time	Sedentary behaviour will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 1 of the training program
Sitting time	Sedentary behaviour will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 24 of the training program
Sitting time	Sedentary behaviour will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 48 of the training program
Sitting time	Sedentary behaviour will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	3 months after the training program
Standing time	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Before start of the training program
Standing time	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 1 of the training program
Standing time	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 24 of the training program
Standing time	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 48 of the training program
Standing time	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	3 months after the training program
Stepping time	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Before start of the training program
Stepping time	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 1 of the training program
Stepping time	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 24 of the training program
Stepping time	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	Week 48 of the training program
Stepping time	Physical activity will be measured with the ActivPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK).	3 months after the training program

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Blood pressure	Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure will be measured 4 times at 5-min intervals after an initial resting period of 10min, using an electronic sphygmomanometer (Omron®, Omron Healthcare, IL, USA) from the dominant arm and documented as the mean value of the final 3 measurements.	Baseline
Blood pressure	Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure will be measured 4 times at 5-min intervals after an initial resting period of 10min, using an electronic sphygmomanometer (Omron®, Omron Healthcare, IL, USA) from the dominant arm and documented as the mean value of the final 3 measurements.	Week 48 of the training program
Resting heart rate	Resting heart rate will be measured 4 times at 5-min intervals after an initial resting period of 10min, using an electronic sphygmomanometer (Omron®, Omron Healthcare, IL, USA) from the dominant arm and documented as the mean value of the final 3 measurements.	Baseline
Resting heart rate	Resting heart rate will be measured 4 times at 5-min intervals after an initial resting period of 10min, using an electronic sphygmomanometer (Omron®, Omron Healthcare, IL, USA) from the dominant arm and documented as the mean value of the final 3 measurements.	Week 48 of the training program
Total calorie intake	Participants will record all food and beverages consumed over seven consecutive days and from this the total calorie intake is calculated.	Baseline
Total calorie intake	Participants will record all food and beverages consumed over seven consecutive days and from this the total calorie intake is calculated.	Week 12 of the training program
Total calorie intake	Participants will record all food and beverages consumed over seven consecutive days and from this the total calorie intake is calculated.	Week 24 of the training program
Total calorie intake	Participants will record all food and beverages consumed over seven consecutive days and from this the total calorie intake is calculated.	Week 48 of the training program
Total calorie intake	Participants will record all food and beverages consumed over seven consecutive days and from this the total calorie intake is calculated.	3 months after the training program
Macronutrient content	Participants will record all food and beverages consumed over seven consecutive days and from this the macronutrient content is calculated.	Baseline
Macronutrient content	Participants will record all food and beverages consumed over seven consecutive days and from this the macronutrient content is calculated.	Week 12 of the training program
Macronutrient content	Participants will record all food and beverages consumed over seven consecutive days and from this the macronutrient content is calculated.	Week 24 of the training program
Macronutrient content	Participants will record all food and beverages consumed over seven consecutive days and from this the macronutrient content is calculated.	Week 48 of the training program
Macronutrient content	Participants will record all food and beverages consumed over seven consecutive days and from this the macronutrient content is calculated.	3 months after the training program
Participation - Ghent Participation Scale (GPS)	The GPS is a generic instrument including both objective and all relevant subjective variables resulting in one score, already proven to be valid to rate participation in MS.	Baseline
Participation - Ghent Participation Scale (GPS)	The GPS is a generic instrument including both objective and all relevant subjective variables resulting in one score, already proven to be valid to rate participation in MS.	Week 48 of the training program
Mobility - MS walking scale (MSWS-12)	The MSWS-12 is a 12-item self-assessment scale which measures the impact of MS on mobility, which showed the ability of a running program to reduce impact of MS on walking ability in a previous pilot RCT by our research group	Baseline
Mobility - MS walking scale (MSWS-12)	The MSWS-12 is a 12-item self-assessment scale which measures the impact of MS on mobility, which showed the ability of a running program to reduce impact of MS on walking ability in a previous pilot RCT by our research group	Week 48 of the training program
Fatigue - Modified Fatigue Impact scale (MFIS)	To evaluate the impact of structured training on fatigue, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) will be used, which is the recommended questionnaire for research related to fatigue by the Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical guidelines. In the MFIS, the perceived impact of fatigue on physical, cognitive and psychosocial functioning of the past 4 weeks is assessed.	Before start of the intervention
Fatigue - Modified Fatigue Impact scale (MFIS)	To evaluate the impact of structured training on fatigue, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) will be used, which is the recommended questionnaire for research related to fatigue by the Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical guidelines. In the MFIS, the perceived impact of fatigue on physical, cognitive and psychosocial functioning of the past 4 weeks is assessed.	Week 1 of the intervention
Fatigue - Modified Fatigue Impact scale (MFIS)	To evaluate the impact of structured training on fatigue, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) will be used, which is the recommended questionnaire for research related to fatigue by the Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical guidelines. In the MFIS, the perceived impact of fatigue on physical, cognitive and psychosocial functioning of the past 4 weeks is assessed.	Week 12 of the training program
Fatigue - Modified Fatigue Impact scale (MFIS)	To evaluate the impact of structured training on fatigue, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) will be used, which is the recommended questionnaire for research related to fatigue by the Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical guidelines. In the MFIS, the perceived impact of fatigue on physical, cognitive and psychosocial functioning of the past 4 weeks is assessed.	Week 24 of the training program
Fatigue - Modified Fatigue Impact scale (MFIS)	To evaluate the impact of structured training on fatigue, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) will be used, which is the recommended questionnaire for research related to fatigue by the Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical guidelines. In the MFIS, the perceived impact of fatigue on physical, cognitive and psychosocial functioning of the past 4 weeks is assessed.	Week 48 of the training program
Fatigue - Modified Fatigue Impact scale (MFIS)	To evaluate the impact of structured training on fatigue, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) will be used, which is the recommended questionnaire for research related to fatigue by the Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical guidelines. In the MFIS, the perceived impact of fatigue on physical, cognitive and psychosocial functioning of the past 4 weeks is assessed.	3 months after the training program
Cognition - Spatial Recall test (SPART)	The SPART is a visuospatial learning and delayed recall test, where a checkerboard with seven checkers in specified places is presented for 10sec to the participants who have to place the checkers back on a blank checkerboard immediately after and after another 30min. The total score is a sum of the correct checkers. This has been shown to be one of the most sensitive measures for detecting memory impairments in PwMS and showed improved performance after a running program in a previous pilot RCT of our research group	Baseline
Cognition - Spatial Recall test (SPART)	The SPART is a visuospatial learning and delayed recall test, where a checkerboard with seven checkers in specified places is presented for 10sec to the participants who have to place the checkers back on a blank checkerboard immediately after and after another 30min. The total score is a sum of the correct checkers. This has been shown to be one of the most sensitive measures for detecting memory impairments in PwMS and showed improved performance after a running program in a previous pilot RCT of our research group	Week 48 of the training program
Cognition - Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)	The SDMT is a test of information processing speed (PS) in which participants need to combine as many symbols with the accompanying numbers as possible in 90 seconds. The SDMT has been found to be a reliable and valid test in MS and a responder definition of approximating 4 points or 10% in magnitude SDMT change was recommended.	Baseline
Cognition - Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)	The SDMT is a test of information processing speed (PS) in which participants need to combine as many symbols with the accompanying numbers as possible in 90 seconds. The SDMT has been found to be a reliable and valid test in MS and a responder definition of approximating 4 points or 10% in magnitude SDMT change was recommended.	Week 48 of the training program
Body weight	Body weight is determined using a digital-balanced weighting scale to the nearest 0.1kg	Baseline
Body weight	Body weight is determined using a digital-balanced weighting scale to the nearest 0.1kg	Week 48 of the training program
Height	Body height is measured to the nearest 0.1cm using a wall-mounted Harpenden stadiometer, with participants barefoot	Baseline
Height	Body height is measured to the nearest 0.1cm using a wall-mounted Harpenden stadiometer, with participants barefoot	Week 48 of the training program
DEXA (Dual Energy X-Ray)	body fat mass and lean tissue mass using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry	Baseline
DEXA (Dual Energy X-Ray)	body fat mass and lean tissue mass using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry	Week 48 of the training program
Coordination - timed tandem walk (TTW)	Participants will have to walk in a straight line with one foot immediately in front of the other (heel to toe), while the arms are kept down at the side. Time to complete 3 meter will be monitored.	Baseline
Coordination - timed tandem walk (TTW)	Participants will have to walk in a straight line with one foot immediately in front of the other (heel to toe), while the arms are kept down at the side. Time to complete 3 meter will be monitored.	Week 48 of the training program
Oxygen uptake (VO2)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis VO2 is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Baseline
Oxygen uptake (VO2)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis VO2 is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Week 48 of the training program
Carbon dioxide output (VCO2)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis VCO2 is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Baseline
Carbon dioxide output (VCO2)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis VCO2 is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Week 48 of the training protocol
Minute ventilation (VE)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis VE is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Baseline
Minute ventilation (VE)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis VE is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Week 48 of the training protocol
Equivalents for oxygen uptake (VE/VO2)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis VE/VO2 is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Baseline
Equivalents for oxygen uptake (VE/VO2)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis VE/VO2 is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Week 48 of the training protocol
Equivalents for carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis VE/VCO2 is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Baseline
Equivalents for carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis VE/VCO2 is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Week 48 of the training program
Tidal volume (Vt)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis Vt is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Baseline
Tidal volume (Vt)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis Vt is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Week 48 of the training program
Breathing frequency (BF)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis BF is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Baseline
Breathing frequency (BF)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis BF is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Week 48 of the training protocol
Respiratory gas exchange ratio (RER)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis RER is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Baseline
Respiratory gas exchange ratio (RER)	Cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is performed. With the aid of continuous pulmonary gas exchange analysis RER is collected breath-by-breath and averaged every ten seconds.	Week 48 of the training program
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)	CRF will be measured with a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer.	Baseline
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)	CRF will be measured with a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on a bicycle ergometer.	Week 48 of the training program
Lipidomic profile	Blood analysis	Baseline
Lipidomic profile	Blood analysis	Week 48 of the training program
Brain volumes	MRI scan	Baseline
Brain volumes	MRI scan	Week 48 of the training program
PBMC subset parameters	flow cytometry analysis of immune cell subsets in peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells (PBMCs)	Baseline
PBMC subset parameters	flow cytometry analysis of immune cell subsets in peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells (PBMCs)	Week 48 of the training program
serum cytokines	cytokine levels are measured by ELISA on serum derived from peripheral blood samples	Baseline
serum cytokines	cytokine levels are measured by ELISA on serum derived from peripheral blood samples	Week 48 of the training program

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Hasselt University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): January 15, 2020
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): June 30, 2021
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): June 30, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 5, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 5, 2019
• First Posted (ACTUAL): December 10, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): August 31, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 30, 2021
• Last Verified: August 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis; Exercise; Brain volume; Sedentary time; Health-related variables; Immunological variables
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Nervous System Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System; Demyelinating Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Multiple Sclerosis; Sclerosis
• Other Study ID Numbers: EXIMS

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No