Optimal Dose of Antivenom for Daboia Siamensis Envenomings (ODADS)

An Adaptive Clinical Trial to Determine the Optimal Initial Dose of Lyophilized, Species Specific Monovalent Antivenom for the Management of Systemic Envenoming by Daboia Siamensis (Eastern Russell's Viper) in Myanmar

The aim of the study is to identify an 'optimal' initial dosing of the new Burma Pharmaceutical Industry (BPI) lyophilized mono-specific antivenom for patients with systemic Daboia siamensis envenoming. The initial dosing will aim to reverse venom-induced coagulopathy (as demonstrated by a negative 20 minutes Whole Blood Clotting Time (20WBCT) at 6 hours in 95% of patients whilst causing less than 5% anaphylactic reaction.

Study Overview

• Status: Suspended
• Conditions: Daboia Siamensis Envenoming
• Intervention / Treatment: Biological: lyophilized BPI viper antivenom

Detailed Description

Snake-bite envenoming (SBE) was re-categorized as a priority neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017. Antivenom is considered to be one of the most cost effective health interventions. Despite this, due to challenges in manufacture, reliance on cold chain for transport and storage, and geographically remote location of most envenomed patients, many patients do not receive the antivenom they require in a timely manner. The WHO strategy for a globally coordinated response to SBE highlighted the need to prioritize clinical research into the safety and effectiveness of antivenoms.

Myanmar is a country with a high incidence of snake-bite with an estimated 25,000 snake-bites and 1250 deaths per year. Daboia siamensis (Eastern Russell's viper) is responsible for 85% of snake-bites presenting to hospitals in Myanmar. Given their natural habitat and abundance of prey within the paddy fields, envenoming predominantly occurs in rural areas affecting agricultural workers.

Following a recent 4-year collaborative initiative between institutions in Myanmar and Australia entitled the Myanmar Snakebite project, antivenom production facilities have improved resulting in the production of a new monospecific lyophilized F(ab)'2 antivenom (Viper antivenom BPI). The new lyophilized antivenom has replaced the former liquid antivenom and has been distributed countrywide. The current dosing strategy is based on unpublished results of pre-clinical testing and stratified into two doses according to absence or presence of clinical features of severity at presentation (80 mL and 160 mL, respectively). No clinical trial data or post marketing data has been published to support the efficacy or toxicity of these recommended doses. This lack of robust clinical evidence to support dosing of antivenom is mirrored across the world with few well conducted trials to determine the safety and efficacy of antivenoms.

This paper presents a novel phase 2, model based, Bayesian adaptive design to determine optimal antivenom dosing for Russell's viper envenoming. In this context there are two concurrent considerations for dose optimality. Firstly, the efficacy of the dose, defined in this context as restoration of blood coagulation within 6 hours; secondly, the dose-related toxicity, defined as the occurrence of an anaphylactic reaction within 180 minutes post antivenom administration. The model based design estimates dose-response curves for both the efficacy outcome and the toxicity outcome, and thus derives a user-defined 'optimal dose'. Patients will be randomized at a ratio of 4:1 to either adaptive dose or standard of care respectively.

The study team will perform a number of nested studies within the dose finding trial:

• An assessment of the pharmacokinetic properties of Daboia siamensis venom pre and post antivenom administration.
• A parallel observation study of severely envenomed patients who will be administered 160mL (current standard of care).
• Sensitivity and specificity analysis of the 20WBCT and point of care International Normalized Ratio at detecting coagulopathy.
• A prospective follow up of envenomed patients to define the envenoming sequelae of Daboia siamensis envenoming.
• An assessment of ferryl-haem derivatives in urine of envenomed patients.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 200
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Myanmar
  • Yangon, Myanmar
    • Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients suspected of systemic envenoming with DS
2. Incoagulable blood by 20-minute WBCT
3. Antivenom naïve
4. Age ≥ 15

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Receiving anticoagulant therapy e.g. warfarin
2. Known bleeding disorder e.g. haemophilia
3. Decompensated liver disease
4. Severely envenomed patients (as defined in the Myanmar National Guidelines)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Standard of care; Patients will receive an initial antivenom dose of 80mL lyophilized BPI viper antivenom, as per current national guidelines	Biological: lyophilized BPI viper antivenom; Antivenom
Experimental: Adaptive arm; Patients will receive an initial dose of lyophilized BPI viper antivenom determined by the adaptive model.	Biological: lyophilized BPI viper antivenom; Antivenom

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Blood Coagulation	Blood coagulation at 6 hours as measured by the 20 minute WBCT (binary outcome)	within 24 hours of patient recruitment
Anaphylaxis	Anaphylaxis as defined by the European Academy of Allergy and Immunology within 180 minutes of antivenom administration	within 24 hours of patient recruitment

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Time to restoration of blood coagulability as determined by the 20 WBCT.	within 24 hours of patient recruitment
International normalized ratio (INR) determined by the POC INR meter.	within 24 hours of patient recruitment
Blood coagulability as determined by PT and fibrinogen	within 24 hours of patient recruitment
Occurrence of any serious adverse events	within 24 hours of patient recruitment
The occurrence of envenoming sequelae at 3 month follow up	within 6 months of patient recruitment
The occurrence of detectable ferryl-haem derivatives in urine samples	within 6 months of patient recruitment
The occurrence of Capillary Leak Syndrome	within 2 weeks of patient recruitment

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit
• Collaborators: University of Oxford; Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Gutierrez JM, Calvete JJ, Habib AG, Harrison RA, Williams DJ, Warrell DA. Snakebite envenoming. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Sep 14;3:17063. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.63. Erratum In: Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Oct 05;3:17079.
• Williams DJ, Faiz MA, Abela-Ridder B, Ainsworth S, Bulfone TC, Nickerson AD, Habib AG, Junghanss T, Fan HW, Turner M, Harrison RA, Warrell DA. Strategy for a globally coordinated response to a priority neglected tropical disease: Snakebite envenoming. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Feb 21;13(2):e0007059. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007059. eCollection 2019 Feb. No abstract available.
• Myint-Lwin, Warrell DA, Phillips RE, Tin-Nu-Swe, Tun-Pe, Maung-Maung-Lay. Bites by Russell's viper (Vipera russelli siamensis) in Burma: haemostatic, vascular, and renal disturbances and response to treatment. Lancet. 1985 Dec 7;2(8467):1259-64. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91550-8.
• Alfred S, Bates D, White J, Mahmood MA, Warrell DA, Thwin KT, Thein MM, Sint San SS, Myint YL, Swe HK, Kyaw KM, Zaw A, Peh CA. Acute Kidney Injury Following Eastern Russell's Viper (Daboia siamensis) Snakebite in Myanmar. Kidney Int Rep. 2019 May 29;4(9):1337-1341. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.05.017. eCollection 2019 Sep. No abstract available.
• Wheeler GM, Mander AP, Bedding A, Brock K, Cornelius V, Grieve AP, Jaki T, Love SB, Odondi L, Weir CJ, Yap C, Bond SJ. How to design a dose-finding study using the continual reassessment method. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2019 Jan 18;19(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s12874-018-0638-z.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): April 1, 2025
• Primary Completion (Estimated): February 1, 2027
• Study Completion (Estimated): November 1, 2027

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 20, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 20, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): December 24, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 1, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 29, 2024
• Last Verified: October 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Physiological Effects of Drugs; Immunologic Factors; Antivenins
• Other Study ID Numbers: OXTREC 63-19

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED
• IPD Plan Description: For ethics purposes, there is no current plans to share IPD with other researchers.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No