The Play With Me Study

Using Positive Parent-child Interactions as an Alternative Reinforcer to Promote Healthier Eating Among Young Children

The obesity epidemic continues to be a major public health concern, with 38% of US adults and 17% of children obese. One factor that has been highlighted as a robust predictor of weight outcomes is the relative reinforcing value (RRV) of food, or how rewarding one finds eating compared to alternative activities. An emerging body of literature has built upon the observed relationship between the RRV of food and weight by hypothesizing that the promotion of alternative reinforcers, or rewarding activities that could take the place of eating, offers a novel approach to decreasing excess energy intake and combatting obesity. We aim to integrate distinct bodies of literature and fill a gap in the evidence by testing whether parenting intervention messages delivered and practiced in the context of shared activities can decrease the RRV of food by making parent-child interactions more rewarding. The ultimate goal of this research is to demonstrate that such an intervention can increase children's motivation to interact with their parent instead of eating a favorite food, demonstrating the potential for positive parent-child interactions to become an alternative source of pleasure.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Obesity, Childhood; Overeating; High Food Reinforcement
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Triple P Parenting Videos; Behavioral: Activity Boxes

Detailed Description

The modern environment is obesity-promoting, with easy access to palatable, energy-dense foods and appealing sedentary activities. Despite this overarching environment, some individuals are able to maintain a normal weight status, suggesting that there are individual differences in susceptibility to obesity-promoting environments. The RRV of food captures individual differences in the motivation to eat by measuring how hard individuals will work for access to food versus other activities, and it has been shown to predict weight outcomes among infants, children, and adults. In a pilot study with infants, Kong, Eiden, Epstein, et al. demonstrated support for this hypothesis as providing infants and parents with access to group music classes increased infants' reinforcing values of music relative to food. Compared to other age groups, less research has been conducted on the RRV of food in preschool children. Filling this gap in the literature is important, as the preschool period is a period of drastic transitions, including extensive learning of food preferences and habits. Studies have also shown that obesity during adolescence is more likely among children who are already overweight by age 5, further highlighting the importance of innovative approaches to childhood obesity prevention prior to school entry.

In the proposed study, we aim to bring together the literature on food reinforcement and the literature on parenting interventions in early childhood by promoting positive, rewarding parent-child interactions as a novel alternative reinforcer to decrease the RRV of food. Positive parenting can be defined as sensitive, responsive parenting, where parents' responses are appropriate for and contingent upon the child's cues and developmental level. This style of parenting early in life has been linked to positive cognitive and socio-emotional outcomes in adolescence and beyond. The focus of the present study is to assess the initial efficacy of the present parenting intervention, as well as its feasibility. This study will pave the way for future testing of this intervention's effects on the RRV of food and other positive developmental and health outcomes.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 33
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • New York
    • Buffalo, New York, United States, 14214
      • State University of New York at Buffalo

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 6 months to 1 year (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Child is 4-5 years old
• Parent/guardian is 18 years of age or older
• Child is not diagnosed with a serious physical or mental health condition that precludes participation
• At least one of the child's parents/guardians are overweight/obese based on self-reported height and weight. This is intended to facilitate recruitment of children at risk for obesity, given the overarching goals of this research.
• Parent and child are English speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

• The child is outside the age range of 4-5 years
• Child is diagnosed with a serious physical or mental health condition that precludes participation
• Parent/guardian <18 years old
• None of the child's parents/legal guardians overweight/obese based on self-reported height and weight
• Parent or child not English speaking

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: No Intervention: Group 1 - Control; Participants will attend three laboratory visits: baseline 1, baseline 2, and post-test. At baseline 2 and post-test, the primary outcome of child RRV of food vs. parent child interaction is measured. Other measures include child height and weight, child self-regulation, and parenting in the context of a parent-child interaction task. Participants in the control group will not be assigned to complete any intervention activities during the 4-week intervention phase (which takes place between baseline 2 and post-test visits); however, they will receive contacts from a member of the lab each week in the form of electronic reminders (i.e. texts) to remind them of their upcoming post-test laboratory appointment and will receive some intervention materials after the post-test assessment.
Experimental: Experimental: Group 2 - Intervention; Participants will attend the same three laboratory visits as the control group. The intervention group will also participate in a 4-week intervention, which consists of the parent watching brief weekly parenting videos from the online Triple P Parenting Program and completing interactive parent-child activities from activity boxes created by our laboratory (~60 min of interactive activities/week). Participants will use their activity boxes to practice specific parenting skills from the week's parenting video. Throughout the intervention phase, participants will receive regular text messages to remind them of the week's activities and ask several questions about engagement in study activities over the past 24 hours. The intervention group will also complete an exit interview about the intervention following the post-test assessment to provide insights on fidelity and acceptability.	Behavioral: Triple P Parenting Videos; Four video clips from the online Triple P Parenting program will be used to promote specific positive parenting practices.; Behavioral: Activity Boxes; There will be about 4 planned activities per week within activity boxes provided to families. The activities will be a context in which the positive parenting behaviors can be practiced. Each activity will take about 15 minutes. Families can pick each week whether they'd like their parenting practice to be embedded in reading activities, nature walks/active games, or arts and crafts. Instructions will be included with each activity, including prompts to allow the parent to apply learnings from that week's parenting video and to allow interactions to be child-led.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Child's relative reinforcing value of food versus parent-child interaction	Computer-based RRV task where child can earn portions of snacks and/or time doing an activity of choice with parent	Week 6 (post-test)
Change in child's relative reinforcing value of food versus parent-child interaction	Computer-based RRV task where child can earn portions of snacks and/or time doing an activity of choice with parent	Week 2 (baseline), Week 6 (post-test)
Child's maximum schedule reached for food (food reinforcement)	Computer-based RRV task where child can earn portions of snacks and/or time doing an activity of choice with parent	Week 6 (post-test)
Change in child's maximum schedule reached for food (food reinforcement)	Computer-based RRV task where child can earn portions of snacks and/or time doing an activity of choice with parent	Week 2 (baseline), Week 6 (post-test)
Child's maximum schedule reached for parent-child interaction	Computer-based RRV task where child can earn portions of snacks and/or time doing an activity of choice with parent	Week 6 (post-test)
Change in child's maximum schedule reached for parent-child interaction	Computer-based RRV task where child can earn portions of snacks and/or time doing an activity of choice with parent	Week 2 (baseline), Week 6 (post-test)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Observations of warm and sensitive parenting	Coded from parent-child interaction using Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales. The score will be a composite of the following scales, following work by Eiden and colleagues: positive reinforcement, encourages independence, sensitive child-centered, positive mood, warmth/support, prosocial, communication, listener response, relationship quality, rater response. We will also examine relationships between the scales to examine whether the composite is appropriate. Range: 1-9, 9=more warmth/sensitive parenting	Week 6 (post-test)
Observations of child prosocial behavior	Coded from parent-child interaction using Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales. Scale: child prosocial behavior. Range: 1-9, 9=more prosocial behavior	Week 6 (post-test)
Parent-reported nurturance in parenting	Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire. Range: 1-5, 5=more nurturance	Week 6 (post-test)
Parent-reported structure in parenting	Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire. Range: 1-5, 5=more structure	Week 6 (post-test)
Parent-reported nurturance in parenting	Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire. Range: 1-5, 5=more nurturance	Week 10 (follow-up)
Parent-reported structure in parenting	Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire. Range: 1-5, 5=more structure	Week 10 (follow-up)
Parent-reported parenting efficacy	Parenting Sense of Competence Questionnaire. Range: 1-6, 6=more efficacy	Week 6 (post-test)
Parent-reported parenting efficacy	Parenting Sense of Competence Questionnaire. Range: 1-6, 6=more efficacy	Week 10 (follow-up)
Parent-reported parenting satisfaction	Parenting Sense of Competence Questionnaire. Range: 1-6, 6=more satisfaction	Week 6 (post-test)
Parent-reported parenting satisfaction	Parenting Sense of Competence Questionnaire. Range: 1-6, 6=more satisfaction	Week 10 (follow-up)
Child self-regulation	Head Toes Knees Shoulders Task	Week 6 (post-test)
Child total behavioral difficulties	Strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Range=0-40, 40=more difficulties	Week 6 (post-test)
Child overall behavioral difficulties	Strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Range=0-40, 40=more difficulties	Week 10 (follow-up)
Child prosocial behavior	Strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Range=0-10, 10=more prosocial behavior	Week 6 (post-test)
Child prosocial behavior	Strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Range=0-10, 10=more prosocial behavior	Week 10 (follow-up)
Child peer relationships problems	Strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Range=0-10, 10=more peer problems	Week 6 (post-test)
Child peer relationships problems	Strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Range=0-10, 10=more peer problems	Week 10 (follow-up)

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Intervention compliance	Daily text messages (intervention group only)	Week 2-5
Intervention acceptability	Daily text messages (intervention group only)	Week 2-5
Intervention acceptability	Exit interview (intervention group only)	Week 6 (post-test)
Intervention use and acceptability	Parent questionnaire	Week 10 (follow-up)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: State University of New York at Buffalo
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Stephanie Anzman-Frasca, PhD, State University of New York at Buffalo

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): February 26, 2020
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 18, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): June 20, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 18, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 20, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): February 21, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 9, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 8, 2022
• Last Verified: August 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: parenting intervention; relative reinforcing value of food; food reinforcement; positive parenting
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Signs and Symptoms, Digestive; Overnutrition; Nutrition Disorders; Overweight; Body Weight; Obesity; Pediatric Obesity; Hyperphagia
• Other Study ID Numbers: STUDY00004200

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No