Mental Health Support for SickKids Children and Families During COVID-19 Using Established eHealth Interventions

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and associated emergency measures (EM) have dramatically impacted the lives of children/adolescents (children) and families. The closure of schools, social and recreational activities, and modifications to work environments has led to significant changes in the way children and families are working, living and socializing. Although the impact on the mental health of children and families has not been well researched, it is anticipated that already stressed children and families with pre-COVID-19 mental health challenges are at significant risk for deterioration in their mental health. As such, the implementation, and evaluation (specifically: feasibility, acceptability and barriers) of virtual-care interventions to alleviate child and family anxiety and enhance family functioning are critical. Virtual-care also optimizes health equity initiatives in reducing social, economic and environmental barriers to services that can improve or maintain mental health (WHO, 2017; MOHLTC, 2018).

The current study will evaluate an adapted virtual-care cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) program for children with anxiety (VC-CBT). CBT has a strong evidence-base in treating children with anxiety disorders (Higa-McMillan, Francis, Rith-Najarian, and Chorpita, 2016; Seligman and Ollendick, 2011), with increasing evidence supporting the efficacy of virtual-care CBT for childhood anxiety disorders (Carpenter, Pincus, Furr, and Comer, 2018; Slone, Reese, and McClellan, 2012). This study aims to evaluate the feasibility, participation barriers related to social determinants of health (SDH) and acceptability of this virtual-care intervention in addressing mental health challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing EM in the immediate time-period. Early evaluation of this virtual-care intervention will enable future scale-up of this intervention during the post-pandemic recovery time-period and during subsequent COVID-19 waves, if necessary.

Study Overview

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Conditions: Anxiety Disorder of Childhood or Adolescence
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Virtual-Care Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Detailed Description

Study Design: This is a pragmatic prospective pre-post feasibility study to assess whether virtual-care delivery of mental health interventions are acceptable and feasible with regard to recruitment and retention, participation barriers (inclusive of SDH barriers), child and parent acceptability, and adherence. Targeted symptoms of the intervention (e.g., child anxiety) will be evaluated as secondary outcomes to gather preliminary data on efficacy.

Estimated Sample Size: In this first feasibility phase, participants will include children referred for treatment to Psychiatry. For the purpose of this pragmatic trial, we aim to recruit 20 participants for this intervention. According to Hertzog, a sample size of 20 participants is adequate for pilot studies to examine intervention feasibility and to develop estimates of variance to compute power for larger studies (Hertzog, 2008).

Data Analyses: Data for demographic variables will be summarized using counts, percentages, measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) and measures of sample variation (standard deviation, range). Parametric statistics (mean, standard deviation) will be used for interval and ratio data. To assess the feasibility and acceptability of this intervention, results will include analyses of recruitment, social determinant barriers and adherence rates and responses to satisfaction/evaluation and alliance scales. Pre-post analysis will also include comparing mean changes in COVID specific distress, and intervention specific comparisons of child anxiety.

Knowledge Translation: Our integrated Knowledge-to-action (iKTA) approach has involved family, clinician and scientist engagement from the outset and will continue to do so. Participants will receive updates through e-newsletters and information through email. Knowledge gained will be presented at conferences and publications to further the impact of generating future hypothesis-driven research and funding support.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 16
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G1X8
      • The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 12 years to 17 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Ages 12 to 17 years old
• Meet criteria for anxiety disorder as primary diagnosis
• Parent(s)/primary caregiver(s) and children both proficient in English

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of developmental delay
• Severity of comorbid psychopathology (e.g., bipolar disorder, psychosis) prohibits CBT as first-line treatment
• Lack of fluency in English (for parent(s)/primary caregiver(s) and/or children)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Intervention / Treatment

Experimental: Virtual-Care Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Behavioral: Virtual-Care Cognitive Behavioural Therapy; The feasibility, participation barriers, and acceptability of the intervention, virtual-care cognitive behavioural therapy (VC-CBT), will be evaluated for children with anxiety. The VC-CBT protocol will involve 12 sessions (of one hour in duration) delivered by a CBT therapist using PHIPA (Personal Health Information Protection Act) compliant Zoom. An initial session will review therapy goals and psychoeducation about anxiety. Sessions 2 and 3 will focus on feeling identification and will introduce relaxation strategies. Sessions 4 and 5 will introduce cognitive distortions and restructuring strategies. Sessions 6 and 7 will introduce exposure tasks. Sessions 8 to 11 will involve practicing cognitive restructuring skills and completing exposures. The final session will review relapse prevention. Parents will participate in the first and last sessions, as well as join at the end of each session for a brief review of the skills learned during the session.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Participation Barriers	Participation barriers related to Social Determinants of Health (SDH) will be captured to assess intervention feasibility. Participation barriers will be captured using the Social Determinants of Health Questionnaire (unpublished).	The Social Determinants of Health Questionnaire will be administered at baseline only, for each participant (approximately one week prior to the first of twelve sessions in the intervention).
Number of Eligible Participants	Number of participants that were eligible for the study.	The number of participants that were eligible for the study will be captured through study completion, estimated at approximately 1 year.
Number of Participants Approached	Number of participants that were approached for the study.	The number of participants that were approached for the study will be captured through study completion, estimated at approximately 1 year.
Number of Participants Consented	Number of participants consented for the study.	The number of participants that were consented for the study will be captured through study completion, estimated at approximately 1 year.
Rates of Refusal	Rates of refusal for participation in the study.	The rates of refusal for participation in the study will be assessed through study completion, estimated at approximately 1 year.
Reasons for Refusal	Reasons for refusal for participation in the study.	The reasons of refusal for participation in the study will be assessed through study completion, estimated at approximately 1 year.
Number of Sessions Completed in Total	The average number of sessions completed in total will be captured to evaluate intervention adherence.	The average number of sessions completed in total, for each participant, will be assessed through study completion, estimated at approximately 1 year.
Adherence Index	The adherence index (calculated using the formula: sessions completed/total sessions scheduled [sum of sessions attended, rescheduled, no-showed and cancelled]) will be used to evaluate intervention adherence.	The adherence index, for each participant, will be assessed through study completion, estimated at approximately 1 year.
Amount of time (in weeks) to complete the intervention	The amount of time (in weeks) to complete the intervention will be captured to evaluate intervention implementation experience.	The amount of time (in weeks) to complete the intervention, for each participant, will be assessed through study completion, estimated at approximately 1 year.
Intervention Acceptability	The measure that will be used to assess the primary outcome of intervention acceptability is the Virtual Care Satisfaction Survey (Romanchych, unpublished).	The Virtual Care Satisfaction Survey will be administered once, within approximately one week after completion of the twelfth (final) intervention session (estimated to occur approximately 12 to 16 weeks after initiation of the study).
Participant Satisfaction	The measure that will be used to assess participant satisfaction is the Virtual Care Satisfaction Survey (Romanchych, unpublished).	The Virtual Care Satisfaction Survey will be administered once, within approximately one week after completion of the twelfth (final) intervention session (estimated to occur approximately 12 to 16 weeks after initiation of the study).
Working Alliance Inventory after First Intervention Session	The Working Alliance Inventory will be used to assess participant satisfaction (WAI; Tracy & Kokotovic, 1989).	The Working Alliance Inventory will be administered within approximately one week after completion of the first intervention session (estimated to occur approximately 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of the study).
Working Alliance Inventory after Sixth Intervention Session	The Working Alliance Inventory will be used to assess participant satisfaction (WAI; Tracy & Kokotovic, 1989).	The Working Alliance Inventory will be administered within approximately one week after completion of the sixth intervention session (estimated to occur approximately 6 to 8 weeks after initiation of the study).
Working Alliance Inventory after Final Intervention Session	The Working Alliance Inventory will be used to assess participant satisfaction (WAI; Tracy & Kokotovic, 1989).	The Working Alliance Inventory will be administered within approximately one week after completion of the twelfth (final) intervention session (estimated to occur approximately 12 to 16 weeks after initiation of the study).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Family Impact During a Pandemic at Baseline	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) specific distress will be assessed using the CoRonavIruS Health Impact Survey (CRISIS; Merikangas et al., unpublished) V0.1 Parent/Caregiver or Youth Baseline Form. Many items from this scale address social determinants of health, which will allow for understanding of family social determinants of health at baseline and over the course of the virtual-care treatment.	CRISIS (parent/caregiver and youth forms) will be completed virtually by children and parents at baseline (approximately one week prior to the first of twelve sessions in the intervention).
Family Impact During a Pandemic after Final Intervention Session	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) specific distress will be assessed using the CoRonavIruS Health Impact Survey (CRISIS; Merikangas et al., unpublished) V0.1 Parent/Caregiver or Youth Follow-Up Form. Many items from this scale address social determinants of health, which will allow for understanding of family social determinants of health at baseline and over the course of the virtual-care treatment.	CRISIS forms will be completed virtually by children and parents, within approximately one week of completion of the twelfth (final) intervention session (approximately 12 to 16 weeks after initiation of the study).
Efficacy of Virtual-Care CBT Intervention	To evaluate the efficacy of the virtual-care CBT intervention, change in child anxiety will be measured using child and parent-report Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED; Birmaher et al., 1997). The SCARED is a child and parent self-report instrument used to screen for childhood anxiety disorders including general anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social phobia. In addition, it assesses symptoms related to school phobia. A total score of 25 of higher on the SCARED measure may indicate the presence of an anxiety disorder. Scores higher than 30 are more specific.	The SCARED questionnaire will be completed at both baseline and within approximately one week after completion of the twelfth (final) intervention session (estimated to occur approximately 12 to 16 weeks after study initiation).
Clinician Virtual Care Experience	In order to evaluate the experience of clinicians (at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) and the Centre for Community Mental Health (CCMH)) using virtual-care platforms during the work from home shift due to COVID-19 and to identify any challenges they may be facing, a Clinician Virtual Care Experience Survey (Romanchych, unpublished) will be administered.	The Clinician Virtual Care Survey will be completed virtually by clinicians at both SickKids and CCMH at baseline.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: The Hospital for Sick Children
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Suneeta Monga, MD, FRCPC, The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Hertzog MA. Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies. Res Nurs Health. 2008 Apr;31(2):180-91. doi: 10.1002/nur.20247.
• World Health Organization. Health Equity. Geneva; 2017.
• Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care. Health Equity Guideline. Toronto, ON; 2018.
• Higa-McMillan CK, Francis SE, Rith-Najarian L, Chorpita BF. Evidence Base Update: 50 Years of Research on Treatment for Child and Adolescent Anxiety. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2016;45(2):91-113. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1046177. Epub 2015 Jun 18.
• Seligman LD, Ollendick TH. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011 Apr;20(2):217-38. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.003.
• Carpenter AL, Pincus DB, Furr JM, Comer JS. Working From Home: An Initial Pilot Examination of Videoconferencing-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Youth Delivered to the Home Setting. Behav Ther. 2018 Nov;49(6):917-930. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.01.007. Epub 2018 Mar 5.
• Slone NC, Reese RJ, McClellan MJ. Telepsychology outcome research with children and adolescents: a review of the literature. Psychol Serv. 2012 Aug;9(3):272-292. doi: 10.1037/a0027607.
• Tracey T, Kokotovic A. Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychological Assessmen. Psychol Assess. 1989;1(3):207-210. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207
• Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, Cully M, Balach L, Kaufman J, Neer SM. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Apr;36(4):545-53. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 1, 2020
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): January 30, 2023
• Study Completion (Anticipated): January 30, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 26, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 27, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): May 29, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 25, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 24, 2022
• Last Verified: October 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: adolescent; mental health; COVID-19; anxiety disorder; child; cognitive behavioural therapy; virtual-care
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Coronavirus Infections; Coronaviridae Infections; Nidovirales Infections; RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Pneumonia, Viral; Pneumonia; Lung Diseases; COVID-19; Anxiety Disorders
• Other Study ID Numbers: REB1000070362

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No