Efficacy and Safety of Liposomal Lactoferrin in COVID-19 Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Disease and in COVID-19 Asymptomatic Patients

Interventional Pilot Study to Assess the Use of Oral and Intra-nasal Liposomal Lactoferrin in COVID-19 Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Disease and in COVID-19 Asymptomatic Patients

COVID-19 is considered an ongoing international global health problem which already caused 12 million confirmed cases. No specific effective treatment has been identified so far, and available supportive therapies are intended just to severe patients. Asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients remain a transmission reservoir, with possible evolution to the most severe disease form, without a clear treatment indication.

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional glycoprotein, belonging to transferrin family, secreted by exocrine glands and neutrophils and present in all human secretion. The pleiotropic activity of Lf is mainly based on its four different functions: chelate two ferric iron per molecule, interact with anionic molecules, enter inside nucleus and modulate iron homeostasis. The ability to chelate two ferric ions per molecule is associated to the inhibition of reactive oxygen species formation as well as this sequestration of iron, pivotal for bacterial and viral replication, is at the basis of its antibacterial and antiviral activity. Moreover, Lf exerts its antiviral activity against the majority of the tested viruses by binding to heparan sulphate, while against few viruses by interacting with surface components of viral particles. The capability of Lf to exert antiviral activity, by binding to host cells or viral particles or both, strengthens the idea that this glycoprotein is "an important brick in the mucosal wall, effective against viral attacks". Lf was able to block the binding of the spike protein to host cells, indicating that Lf exerted its inhibitory function at the viral attachment stage. The current accepted model suggests that Lf could block viral entry by interacting with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which mediate the transport of extracellular virus particles from the low affinity anchoring sites to the high affinity specific entry as ACE-2.

Investigators performed a prospective, interventional pilot study to assess the efficacy of liposomal lactoferrin in COVID-19 patients with mild-to moderate disease and in COVID-19 asymptomatic patients.

Secondary objectives evaluated the safety and tolerability of liposomal lactoferrin for oral and intra-nasal use.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Covid19
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: liposomal lactoferrin; Drug: SOC therapy

Detailed Description

COVID-19 is considered an ongoing international global health problem which already caused 12 million confirmed cases. No specific effective treatment has been identified so far, and available supportive therapies are intended just to severe patients. Asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients remain a transmission reservoir, with possible evolution to the most severe disease form, without a clear treatment indication.

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional glycoprotein, belonging to transferrin family, secreted by exocrine glands and neutrophils and present in all human secretion. The pleiotropic activity of Lf is mainly based on its four different functions: chelate two ferric iron per molecule, interact with anionic molecules, enter inside nucleus and modulate iron homeostasis. The ability to chelate two ferric ions per molecule is associated to the inhibition of reactive oxygen species formation as well as this sequestration of iron, pivotal for bacterial and viral replication, is at the basis of its antibacterial and antiviral activity.

Moreover, Lf exerts its antiviral activity against the majority of the tested viruses by binding to heparan sulphate, while against few viruses by interacting with surface components of viral particles. The capability of Lf to exert antiviral activity, by binding to host cells or viral particles or both, strengthens the idea that this glycoprotein is "an important brick in the mucosal wall, effective against viral attacks". Lf was able to block the binding of the spike protein to host cells, indicating that Lf exerted its inhibitory function at the viral attachment stage. The current accepted model suggests that Lf could block viral entry by interacting with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which mediate the transport of extracellular virus particles from the low affinity anchoring sites to the high affinity specific entry as ACE-2.

Investigators performed a prospective, interventional, pilot study to assess the efficacy of liposomal lactoferrin in COVID-19 patients with mild-to moderate disease and in COVID-19 asymptomatic patients.

Secondary objectives evaluated the safety and tolerability of liposomal lactoferrin for oral and intra-nasal use.

Investigators conducted a parallel 3 group clinical trial to investigate the effect and tolerability of a liposomal bLf formulation as a supplementary nutraceutical agent in COVID19 patients. A total of 92 COVID19 patients, 25/92 asymptomatic and 67/92 mild-to-moderate, were recruited and divided into 3 groups according to the administered regimen: 32/92 COVID-19 patients, 14 hospitalised and 18 in home-based isolation, received oral and intranasal liposomal bLF supplement; 32 COVID-19 hospitalised patients were treated with hydroxychloroquine, azitromicin and lopinavir/darunavir as standard of care treatment (SOC); twenty eight COVID-19 patients, in home-based isolation did not take any medication against COVID-19. Furthermore, a group of 32 healthy subjects with negative COVID19 rRT-PCR was added as a control group for ancillary analysis.

Thirty-two patients (14 hospitalised and 18 in home-based isolation) belonging to the first group received oral and intranasal liposomal bLf. BLf capsules for oral use containing 100 mg of bLf encapsulated in liposome while bLf nasal spray had about 8 mg/ml of bLf encapsulated in liposome. BLf, contained in both products, was tested by SDS-PAGE and silver nitrate staining and its purity was about 95%. The bLf iron saturation was about 5% as detected via optical spectroscopy at 468 nm based on an extinction coefficient of 0.54 (100% iron saturation, 1% solution). The scheduled dose treatment of liposomal bLf for oral use was 1gr per day for 30 days (10 capsules per day) in addition to the same formulation intranasally administered 3 times daily (a total of about 16 mg/nostril) Thirty-two hospitalized patients belonging to the second group were only treated with SOC regimen according to the national guidelines at the time of the enrollment: lopinavir/ritonavir cps 200/50 mg, 2x2/day (alternatively darunavir 800 mg 1 cp/day+ritonavir 100 mg 1 cp/day or darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg 1 cp/day), chloroquine 500 mg, 1x2/day or hydroxychloroquine cp 200 mg, 1x2/day. SOC regimen lasted from 5 to 20 days, with timing to be established according to clinical course.

Twenty-eight patients, in home-based isolation, belonging to the third group did not receive any therapy.

A control group, comprising 32 healthy volunteers, did not receive any treatment or placebo.

Blood samples and clinical assessments were evaluated at baseline (T0), after 15 days (T1) and after 30 days (T2).

Eligible patients were over 20 years old, with a confirmed positivity to COVID-19 at the naso-oro-pharyngeal swab.

Exclusion criteria included pregnant and lactating women, patients taking nitric oxide and nitrates, patients with reported allergy to milk proteins, patients with a previous history of bronchial hyperactivity and patients with pre-existing respiratory diseases.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 92
• Phase: Phase 2; Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Italy
  • Rome, Italy, 00133
    • University of Rome Tor Vergata

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 20 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Eligible patients were over 20years old, with a confirmed positivity to COVID-19 at the oropharyngeal swab

Exclusion Criteria:

pregnant and lactating women, patients taking nitric oxide and nitrates, patients with reported allergy to milk proteins, patients with a previous history of bronchial hyperactivity and patients with pre-existing respiratory diseases. COVID-19 patients requiring intensive care or mechanical ventilation were excluded.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Liposomal Lacroferrin; Thirty-two patients (14 hospitalised and 18 in home-based isolation) belonging to the first group received oral and intranasal liposomal bLf. BLf capsules for oral use containing 100 mg of bLf encapsulated in liposome while bLf nasal spray had about 8 mg/ml of bLf encapsulated in liposome. BLf, contained in both products, was tested by SDS-PAGE and silver nitrate staining and its purity was about 95%. The bLf iron saturation was about 5% as detected via optical spectroscopy at 468 nm based on an extinction coefficient of 0.54 (100% iron saturation, 1% solution). The scheduled dose treatment of liposomal bLf for oral use was 1gr per day for 30 days (10 capsules per day) in addition to the same formulation intranasally administered 3 times daily (a total of about 16 mg/nostril)	Drug: liposomal lactoferrin; oral and intra-nasal formulation
Active Comparator: SOC therapy; Thirty-two hospitalized patients belonging to the second group were only treated with SOC regimen according to the national guidelines at the time of the enrollment: lopinavir/ritonavir cps 200/50 mg, 2x2/day (alternatively darunavir 800 mg 1 cp/day+ritonavir 100 mg 1 cp/day or darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg 1 cp/day), chloroquine 500 mg, 1x2/day or hydroxychloroquine cp 200 mg, 1x2/day. SOC regimen lasted from 5 to 20 days, with timing to be established according to clinical course.	Drug: SOC therapy; oral administration
No Intervention: Home-based isolation; Twenty-eight patients, in home-based isolation, belonging to the third group did not receive any therapy.
No Intervention: Healthy volunteers; A control group, comprising 32 healthy volunteers, did not receive any treatment or placebo.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Rate of viral clearance Time to viral clearance	time to naso-oro-pharingeal swab negativization	30 days

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Time to clinical improvement	time to improvement of clinical symptoms and blood parameters	30 days

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Rome Tor Vergata

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 15, 2020
• Primary Completion (Actual): July 2, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): July 2, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 16, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 16, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): July 17, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 14, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 12, 2021
• Last Verified: May 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Coronavirus Infections; Coronaviridae Infections; Nidovirales Infections; RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Pneumonia, Viral; Pneumonia; Lung Diseases; COVID-19; Anti-Infective Agents; Lactoferrin
• Other Study ID Numbers: 4220

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Yes
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: Study Protocol

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No