Community-based Complex Intervention to Prevent Loss of Physical Function and Disability in Home-dwelling Older Adults

Tailored Exercise and Behavioural Intervention to Modify Risk Factors Associated With Loss of Physical Function and Disability in Older Adults: Results From the Community-based Welfare Innovation in Primary Prevention Project (WIPP)

The aim of this study is to compare the effect of 12 weeks group-based exercise program enhanced with 24 weeks health empowerment program (HEP) to an extended usual care condition (the HEP program alone) on physical function, disability, health-related quality of life (HQoL) in home-dwelling older adults at risk for disability. Interventions were implemented into existing health care pathways and added to routine preventive programs using a two-armed randomized intervention design with multiple sites.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Disability Physical
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: CALSTI - Complex Active Lifestyle Intervention; Behavioral: SEMAI - Self-Management Intervention

Detailed Description

Study design: a two-armed multi-faceted exercise intervention study with two phases: 12 weeks intensive phase followed by 12 weeks maintenance phase.

Intensive phase

• Active condition (exercise + health-empowerment): twice-weekly exercise + 4 health-empowerment sessions
• Comparison condition (health-empowerment) 8 health-empowerment sessions

Maintenance phase

• Active condition (exercise + health-empowerment): 4 health-empowerment sessions
• Comparison condition (health-empowerment): 4 health-empowerment sessions

Sampling method Danish home-dwelling older adults entitled to a nationally regulated preventive home-visit according to the Danish social act, living in three provincial municipalities in the Southern region of Denmark (Odense, Slagelse and Esbjerg) were invited to participate in the WIPP screening as an integrated part of the home-visit. The screening resulted in a risk-profile for functional loss and disability, on which eligibility for interventions was based. The interventions studied here were offered by the municipalities in line with existing services during the project period. In order to enable proper evaluations, citizens who volunteered to participate where randomly allocated to either of the two conditions by sealed randomization procedures. Citizens were informed about this prior to agreeing to participate. Towards the end of the project phase, exceptions from this procedure took place, to accommodate project interests. Tracking of allocation procedure is possible in the dataset. Subject recruitment and allocation, data collection and management as well as interventions were all run by the health care providers (i.e. municipalities).

Registry procedures and other quality factors On-site data collection (self-report and objective assessments) was led by the municipalities. The raw-data was registered in either paper- or digital format depending on the technical prerequisites (access to portable digital equipment and internet connection) of each site.

Paper-format data was subsequently digitalized by municipality staff.

Quality assurance of the validation and registry procedures primarily consisted of three elements:

1. Written instructions on how to fill out the individual parts of the data registration were available during the on-site registration, regardless of whether this was done electronically or in paper format. The information was also available during the final registration into the database.
2. The written instructions were further qualified by a verbal introduction on how to use the data registry platform and how to fill out the individual parts correctly.
3. To assure standardization and validation of data registry, as well the paper-format as the digital databases passed through consecutive cycles of: development (academia and engineer), pilot testing (municipalities), feedback/evaluation (municipalities and academia) and correction (municipalities and academia), until a final product was ready.

The software platform REDCap Cloud (cloud-based data management platform) was used to setup and administer the databases ensuring the required level of data security (GDPR).

The platform allowed the database to be set up with predefined rules of range as well as connections between related data fields. For continuous outcomes on scales that could in principle be infinite (ex. time to complete 10-meter walking distance), predefined rules in the database where based on pilot testing and or qualified by normative data on similar populations when possible. For ordinal and categorical outcomes as well as outcomes restricted to a given range (ex. self-rated health on a VAS scale) the predefined data-base rules were set according to these given restrictions.

The team setting up the database consisted of:

• One primary coder (profession: Engineer)
• Five Testers/Data collector managers from the different data collector sites (municipalities)
• One scientific advisor The outcome data in this database is not routinely collected elsewhere. Therefore, only few items, and only of descriptive character (e.g. sex and age) exist to our knowledge in other databases. Due to GDPR-restrictions these items were not compared to external data sources.

As external validation is not possible for this dataset, an internal verification procedure is developed and will be executed before running the analysis for this study.

1. The dataset consists of multiple waves of data-collection. Descriptive items that are considered time constant (e.g. sex, age, group-allocation, subject identification number) will be compared for inconsistencies across waves.
2. Initially, descriptive analysis to detect outlying data were performed on all outcome data for each wave separately. Each case will be investigated to identify potential erroneous data.
3. Variables with delta-values (i.e. changes from one test-time to another) will be generated for each outcome, and the procedure from point 2 will be followed
4. Spot checks will be done across related variables. For example, measured gait speed will be compared to a composite test-score in which gait speed is an important element. If gait speed is very high and the score of the composite test is very low the case will be investigated in order to identify which data is erroneous.
5. The database has dedicated a section for comments to the data made by either the test-personnel or the person digitalizing the data. Data will be qualified against these comments before being included in the analysis
6. If erroneous data is identified in step 1-5 or in case of doubt about data correctness, data will be marked as missing.

The step-wise verification process will be registered in the database material as Stata .do and Stata .log files, to ensure back-tracking and replicability of the procedure.

The main data dictionary was built in REDCap Cloud on the first language for the different sites (Danish or German).

As the database was later converted into .dta file format, an expansion of the data dictionary was initiated with added information and renaming of certain variables. The main language of the .dta database was then changed to English. All information on both translation, conversion and expansion of the dictionary is stored and available from Stata .do and .log files.

The REDCap Cloud database had a dedicated section for the recruitment pathway with a box to register time of data collection.

All steps in data preparation (changes) and analysis activities are registered both by syntax (.do) and output (.log)

Intervention instructors and the test-personnel were all instructed to identify and register adverse events. The registration was systematically done in all phases of the intervention.

The project had a prespecified number of participants it aimed at recruiting according to the funding requirements.

The database was fitted with options for registering reasons for missing data both for each individual section (i.e. self-report and objective data) and for each wave.

If erroneous data is identified in step 1-5 or in case of doubt, the data will be marked as missing.

Main intervention effects on the primary outcome SPPB and on secondary outcomes of muscle function, physical function, self-reported disability and quality of life as well as hypothesized effect modifiers: self-efficacy, outcome expectancies and barrier management will be estimated using repeated measures mixed models.

To identify significant covariates, adjusted models will be fitted using a step-wise approach.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 360

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Denmark
  • Southern Denmark
    • Esbjerg, Southern Denmark, Denmark, 6700
      • Municipality of Esbjerg, Health & Care - Project & Development [Esbjerg Kommune - Sundhed & Omsorg - Projekt & Udvikling]
    • Odense, Southern Denmark, Denmark, Odense SV
      • Municipality of Odense [Odense Kommune]
    • Slagelse, Southern Denmark, Denmark, 4200
      • Municipality of Slagelse [Slagelse Kommune]

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 65 years and older (Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

Home-dwelling older adults entitled to a yearly preventive home-visit according to the Danish social act, living in three provincial municipalities in Denmark (Odense, Slagelse and Esbjerg)

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Subjects were eligible if at least one of following criteria was met:

1. Reduced physical function: SPPB score ≤9
2. Fatigability: Pittsburg Fatigability score of 15 or above (≥15)*
3. Low physical activity: Physically active ≤1day per week while sitting ≥8 hours on a normal day
4. Falls: ≥2 fall over the past year
5. Have pain: Brief Pain Inventory interference score ≥20

Exclusion Criteria:

1. High functioning (Composite SPPB score >10)
2. Too physically active (Physically active ≥3 days/week while sitting down <5 hours during a normal day)
3. Deadly or critical illness (Cancer, severe heart failure)
4. Recent surgery that is expected to affect the intensity of exercise and limit activity#
5. Recent fractures that is expected to affect the intensity of exercise and limit activity#
6. Chronic pain that prevents regular exercise

7. Reduced cognitive function (Dementia, Alzheimer's)

   • If the subject has completed a rehabilitation process in relation with an operation or fracture, the citizen is free to attend.

Additional precautions:

1. Indication of reduced cognitive function: When Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Screener score <4, subjects are referred to experts for further assessment and determination of cognitive function.
2. When unintended weight loss and underweight is detected by the nutritional assessment scheme (score =2), citizens are referred to medical doctor or dietician to recover this, prior to being enrolled in the study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Cohort
• Time Perspectives: Prospective

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Intervention / Treatment

At risk older adults; Home-dwelling older adults entitled to preventive home visit, who had a risk profile for loss of physical function and disability identified through a multi-domain screening instrument

Other: CALSTI - Complex Active Lifestyle Intervention; A group-based exercise (EX) and health empowerment program (HEP) conducted in the local area. Structured, progressive resistance (55-60%), balance (10-15%), endurance (10-15%) exercise was delivered twice weekly for 12 weeks under supervision of a trained instructor. HEP consists of 8 group sessions aiming to facilitate long-term behaviour change, by empowering older citizens to act on current risk behaviours (i.e. low physical activity/exercise, high sedentary behaviour, social isolation, poor dietary habits, incontinence). Four sessions were conducted during the exercise intervention period (phase 1 - intensive), and four sessions in the following 12 weeks (phase 2 - maintenance).; Other Names: EXERCISE your shape; [DK: TRÆN din form]; [DE: TRAINIERE Deine Form]; Behavioral: SEMAI - Self-Management Intervention; A low-cost enhancement of the existing preventive service where citizens are information about relevant health resources. Citizens allocated to SEMAI intervention are offered the health-empowerment program as outlined above, including four extra sessions dedicated to practical experiences with exercising. 24 weeks duration in total, with eight sessions in phase 1 and four sessions in phase 2; Other Names: SHAPE your life; [DK: FORM dit liv]; [DE: FORME Dein Leben]

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in physical function	Physical function was assessed by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The SPPB consists of three objective physical function tests: balance, gait and chair-rise. Sub-scores: Balance test, range 0-4 points: Feet in parallel position (0-9.99 sec = 0 point; ≥10 sec = 1 point) Unable: 0 points: balance test stops; Feet in semi-tandem position (0-9.99 sec = 0 point; ≥10 sec = +1 point) Unable: balance test stops; Feet in tandem position (3 to 9.99 sec = +1 point, ≥10 sec = +2 point) Gait test, range 0-4 points: Time to walk 3 meters in normal pace; <3.62 (4 points); 3.62 to 4.65 seconds (3 points); 4.66 to 6.52 seconds (2 points); >6.52 seconds (1 point); Unable (0 points) Chair stand test: 5 repetitions from seated to standing position with arms across chest.; ≤11.19 seconds (4 points); 11.20 to 13.69 seconds (3 points); 13.70 to 16.69 seconds (2 points); 16.70 seconds (1 point); Unable (0 points) The composite SPPB score ranges from	The SPPB is assessed at week 0 (baseline), week 12 (after the intensive phase) and week 24 (after the maintenance phase)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in self-reported physical function and disability	Function and disability was measured as two distinct outcomes in The Short Form Late Life Function & Disability Instrument (SF-LLFDI).; Function score: 15 questions scored from 5 to 1. Total score ranges between 15 and 75 points with higher score reflecting less difficulty in performing tasks.; Disability frequency score: Eight items scored from 5 to 1. The potential summed score ranges from 8 to 40 with higher score reflecting less disability.	Assessed at week 0 (baseline), week 12 (after the intensive phase) and week 24 (after the maintenance phase)
Change in health related quality of life	Assessed by The EuroQol 5-Dimensions 3-level questionnaire (EQ5D-3L)	Assessed at week 0 (baseline), week 12 (after the intensive phase) and week 24 (after the maintenance phase)
Change in self-efficacy for exercise Exercise	Assessed by the the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Questionnaire. Four response categories scored from 1 to 4 points. Total score range: 9 to 36, with lower scores reflecting higher self-efficacy	Assessed at week 0 (baseline), week 12 (after the intensive phase) and week 24 (after the maintenance phase)
Change in outcome expectations for Exercise	Assessed by the Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale (MOOES). Three dimensions: physical (6 items), social (4 items) and self-evaluative expectations (5 items). Five response categories scored from 1 to 5. Higher scores reflects higher outcome expectations	Assessed at week 0 (baseline), week 12 (after the intensive phase) and week 24 (after the maintenance phase)
Change in perceived barriers for exercise	Assessed by the Sports Related Situational Barriers Scale ranging from 13 to 52 with higher number representing lower level of perceived restriction from exercise because of situational barriers	Assessed at week 12 (after the intensive phase) and week 24 (after the maintenance phase)
Change of management of perceived barriers for exercise	Assessed by the Sports Related Situational Barrier Management Scale ranging from 15 to 30 points with higher number representing more use of management strategies	Assessed at week 12 (after the intensive phase) and week 24 (after the maintenance phase)
Participation in new community or health activities, after intervention phase 1	Assessed by open ended question for the participation to fill in information about Initiation of participation in activities of any character (health-enhancing, social, community), which the citizen did not do before the intervention.	Assessed at week 12 (after the intensive phase)
Participation in new community or health activities, after intervention phase 2	Assessed by open ended question for the participation to fill in information about Initiation of participation in activities of any character (health-enhancing, social, community), which the citizen did not do before the intervention.	Assessed at week 24 (after the maintenance phase)

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Subject age (descriptive)	Age is registered as number of years and date of birth, retrieved by self-report and register	Assessed at week 0 (baseline)
Sex (descriptive)	Sex (male/female) is registered by assessment personnel and by self-reported	Assessed at week 0 (baseline)
Living conditions (descriptive)	Subjects self-report their living conditions according to 7 categories (Alone; with partner; with children; with other family; with friends; with other relatives; do not wish to answer)	Assessed at week 0 (baseline)
Civil status (descriptive)	Subjects self-report their civil status according to 5 categories (alone; married/ cohabiting partner; widowed (+ year); divorced; do not wish to answer)	Assessed at week 0 (baseline)
Educational level (descriptive)	Subjects self-report educational background in 6 categories defined according to the national educational system and the relevant time	Assessed at week 0 (baseline)
Body weight (descriptive)	Body weight (kilograms) is assessed using an electronic body weight scale	Assessed at week 0 (baseline)
Body height (descriptive)	Body height (centimeters) is assessed using a portable height measure	Assessed at week 0 (baseline)
Body composition (descriptive)	Body fat and muscle mass (kilogram) is assessed using Bio Electrical Impedance Analysis	Assessed at week 0 (baseline)
Pain interference (descriptive)	Pain interference is self-reported using the Brief Pain Inventory pain interference score (range 0-70, higher score indicates greater pain interference)	Screening prior to enrolment
Physical Fatigability (descriptive)	Self-reported physical Fatigability is assessed using the Pittsburgh Fatigability Physical sub scale (range 0-50, higher score reflects greater fatigability)	Screening prior to enrolment
Previous falls (descriptive)	Self-reported number of falls over the past year	Screening prior to enrolment
Physical activity level (descriptive)	Self-reported physical activity level (number of days per week with moderate to vigorous physical activity)	Screening prior to enrolment
Sedentary behaviour (descriptive)	Self-reported sedentary behaviour (number of hours in seated or lying position on a (sleeping excluding) normal day)	Screening prior to enrolment
Change in physical function, mobility	Walking endurance assessed as the distance (meters) completed during 2-minutes walk test; Ability to rise from floor assessed by the supine-to stand-test (seconds)	Assessed at week 0 (baseline), week 12 (after the intensive phase) and week 24 (after the maintenance phase)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Southern Denmark
• Collaborators: Esbjerg Municipality; Municipality of Slagelse; Municipality of Odense; Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel; Europa Universität Flensburg; Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse (AOK) Nordwest; Howe Fiedler Stiftung Kiel; Arla Foods - Denmark
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Paolo Caserotti, PhD, University of Southern Denmark

Publications and helpful links

Helpful Links

• The Welfare Innovation in Primary Prevention project (WIPP) official homepage

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 22, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): November 29, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): December 22, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 5, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 25, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): August 31, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 18, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 16, 2021
• Last Verified: July 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Exercise; Implementation; Motivation; Secondary prevention; Primary prevention; Self-efficacy; Self-management; Disability; Aged; Empowerment; Resistance training; complex intervention; Low physical function; Functional performance; Primary sector; Int. Classif. of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF); Health behaviour; Health risk behaviour
• Other Study ID Numbers: INTERREG 5a Number: 38-1.0-16

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Undecided

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No