Self-management for People with Epilepsy (SMART2)

Self-management for People with Epilepsy and a History of Negative Health Events (SMART): Targeting Rural and Underserved People with Epilepsy

SMART is a program for adult individuals with sub-optimally controlled epilepsy. It involves educational and behavioral interventions intended to enhance epilepsy self-management.

The group sessions are conducted remotely over the teleconferencing application, Zoom. These sessions are held over an 8 week time period and are co-lead by a trained nurse educator and a trained peer educator. The peer educator is someone with epilepsy and a history of NHEs. Educators use a written curriculum delivered online, and the interactive sessions last 60-90 minutes. Groups are limited to about 6 -12 adult participants.

After the group sessions are done, individuals have 3 telephone maintenance sessions with the nurse educator once a month for the first 3 months after the group sessions end spaced approximately 4 weeks apart.

SMART is intended for adults with epilepsy, especially those who belong to disadvantaged sub groups such as rural populations, veterans with epilepsy and those who are underinsured. People with epilepsy who belong to disadvantaged sub-groups are more likely to have poor outcomes and often end up using expensive crisis-oriented care, and thus potentially might benefit the most from self-management programs if they can be actively engaged.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Epilepsy
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: SMART 2

Detailed Description

In spite of advances in biological therapies, many people with epilepsy have poor outcomes including negative health events (NHEs), such as frequent seizures, accidents, and emergency department visits, and low quality of life. Risk factors for poorly controlled epilepsy include limited social supports, poor medication adherence, and comorbidities like mental illnesses. People with epilepsy who live in rural or under-served communities face additional challenges such as social isolation, limited access to care, and low levels of epilepsy awareness. The Managing Epilepsy Well (MEW) Network has been a national leader in developing, testing and disseminating evidence-based epilepsy self-management programs. One of these, Self-management for people with epilepsy and a history of negative health events (SMART), is a remotely-delivered group-format program that has been demonstrated to reduce NHEs and improve quality of life and physical and mental health functioning in individuals with epilepsy.

This 5-year prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT), written in response to Special Interest Project (SIP) 19-003 Managing Epilepsy Well (MEW) Network 2.0 Collaborating Center, will investigate the effects of the SMART program among people with epilepsy who have had recent NHEs vs. a 6-month wait-list control. Phase 1 is intended to set the stage for a successful RCT that will inform future dissemination and implementation efforts should RCT findings be positive. Qualitative evaluation of barriers and facilitators to participation in a self-management program as well as input from informed and committed local stakeholders will help develop a robust recruitment strategy and set of practices that will maximize engagement and retention. Phase 2, the RCT will be conducted in Iowa, led by a team from the University of Iowa, in Iowa City, Iowa in collaboration with local and regional epilepsy care stakeholders and partners. This new partnership will substantially strengthen representation of the U.S. "heartland"/Midwestern states in the MEW Network, increasing overall generalizability of MEW Network programs. Key foci of the study are to replicate the efficacy findings of the original SMART study and to obtain new information on how SMART is perceived among people with epilepsy, their families, clinicians and other stakeholders in rural and underserved communities. We hypothesize that at 6-month follow-up, SMART will be associated with a reduction in NHEs compared to wait-list control. We also expect that SMART will be associated with improved quality of life and functioning, and reduced depression, with improvement maintained at 18-month follow-up. An additional component of the proposed project is the continued development of the MEW database to supplement site-specific data and provide a source for secondary analyses including identification of patient-level and other factors that may identify individuals who may have difficulty engaging in and sustaining participation in evidence-based epilepsy self-management programs.

The University of Iowa will serve as the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Record over one relying site, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU).

Phase 1 Procedure:

Phase 1 is intended to set the stage for a successful RCT that will inform future dissemination and implementation efforts should RCT findings be positive. Qualitative evaluation of barriers and facilitators to participation in a self-management program as well as input from informed and committed local stakeholders will help develop a robust recruitment strategy and set of practices that will maximize engagement and retention.

2-3 focus groups comprised of people with epilepsy and their family members from rural communities in Iowa will be convened to collect information on perceived barriers and facilitators to participation in an epilepsy self-management program. We will also conduct 2-3 focus groups comprised of rural health providers, social services agency administrators/staff or other professionals working in rural health. Focus groups will last 60-90 minutes in duration and will use a semi-structured interview guide adapted from previous studies in self-management of neurological conditions conducted by the CWRU investigators.

Building upon strong existing partnerships between members of the study team and epilepsy/neurological care partners across the states of Iowa and of Ohio, the study team will obtain input from relevant community stakeholders to develop an a priori recruitment and retention strategy intended to maximize enrollment of typically hard-to-reach individuals with epilepsy from underserved and rural communities. There will be 3 video-conference calls (using Zoom) prior to the RCT. Zoom is a cloud-based technology that offers a full spectrum of conferencing tools. Zoom allows the meeting organizer full control of the meeting such as muting all microphones and controlling attendees' presentation access. Attendees can virtually raise their hand allowing the session leader/instructor greater control over the collaborative classroom setting by ensuring thoughts and opinions are shared in turn. Zoom also includes a chat utility that can be used to communicate directly with the session leader/instructor or with other attendees. Given the additional features of Zoom, including the ability to have individual meeting links, breakout sessions, and phone conference bridges, this tool would be better suited to our needs than Skype Business.

In the first call, community advisory board (CAB) members (from both Iowa and Ohio) will review the SMART curriculum and identify potential barriers to recruitment and retention. In the 2nd meeting, CAB members will review the list of barriers and suggest solutions and strategies for reaching people with epilepsy who may not be initially help-seeking and discuss potential methods of retaining these individuals in the program once they are recruited. In the 3rd CAB meeting, the list of strategies will be finalized and the investigators will obtain input on how these strategies might be best operationalized. CAB meetings will be audio recorded and assessed qualitatively as a complement to the focus group findings.

Phase 2 Procedure:

SMART will consist of 8 group-format, 45-60 minute sessions (up to 10 participants per group), which will be collaboratively delivered by a Nurse Educator and a Peer Educator. The intervention will be delivered in a web-based format using a secure web teleconferencing system (such as Zoom) that will allow us to set up a virtual meeting room. Participants will be able to log on and interact via audio and/or video. Telephone call-in will be available for those who do not have internet access. Supplemental printed materials, providing the same information as provided on the web site, will be sent out in advance to the individuals who do not have internet access. Research staff will be available to help manage any difficulties that participants may have in accessing the sessions via web or telephone. Following the group-session series, participants will have 3 monthly telephone maintenance sessions lasting around 15 minutes. Maintenance session web/telephone calls will be made to study participants by a Nurse Educator with experience in epilepsy and/or chronic health condition management. Participants in both study arms will be followed for an additional 12 months after the completion of the primary comparative trial, for a total of 18 months.

Waitlist (WL) Control: Individuals randomized to WL at the conclusion of their baseline assessment will continue in their usual care. After they complete their 13-week and 6-month assessments, which are identical to the SMART group assessment, WL individuals will begin participating in the SMART intervention for the next 12 months.

Peer Educators: The PIs and the Nurse Educators will train up to 8 Peer Educators in two half-day sessions. The Peer Educators will be provided with a semi-structured "introduction" session to identify themselves and to get a chance to know each other a little better. The PI will then describe the study and the SMART intervention, reviewing each session individually. Each Peer Educator will receive a binder including all the materials to keep and review as convenient. In addition to going over each SMART session, the training will include self-care topics, communication skills, group leading/co-leading, and assistance with help-seeking pathways. This will involve role-play and repetition as needed depending on the materials and Peer Educator comfort/knowledge. Some of the Peer Educators from the previous SMART efficacy trial will be invited to serve as Peer Educators for this SMART trial in order to further increase overall group comfort and support among new Peer Educators. Since approximately 16-20 "waves" or "cohorts" of SMART groups (8-10 participants/group) will be conducted during the proposed study it is expected that each of the 8 Peer Educators will run at least 2 waves or cohorts, and some Peer Educators will run 3 or more waves or cohorts. The decision on which Peer Educator will lead a given cohort (with the Study Nurse Educator who will co-lead all sessions) will be made by consensus within the group de-briefing sessions.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 160
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Iowa
    • Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242
      • University of Iowa
  • Ohio
    • Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44106
      • Case Western Reserve University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 90 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Have received a previous diagnosis of epilepsy
• Be at least 18 years old
• Have experienced at least 1 NHE in the previous 6 months. NHEs that are obviously not related to having epilepsy, any other health condition, or related to personal activities or behavior (for example, being involved in a bus accident while one is a passenger on the bus) will not be counted as NHEs for this study.
• Be able to speak and understand English
• Be able to provide written, informed consent to study participation or have a legally authorized representative

Exclusion Criteria:

• Actively suicidal/homicidal
• Individuals with a diagnosis of dementia
• Individuals who are unable to provide written informed consent to participate in study and who do not have a legally authorized representative or individuals who are unable to participate in study procedures.
• Pregnant women
• Individuals who participated in Phase I of the study

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: SMART intervention; Participants receiving the SMART intervention will participate in 8 group-format 45-60 minute sessions over 10-12 weeks. The intervention sessions are held over Zoom.	Behavioral: SMART 2; Participants receiving the SMART intervention will participate in 8 group-format 45-60 minute sessions (up to 10 participants per group), which will be collaboratively delivered over Zoom by a Nurse Educator and a Peer Educator with epilepsy. Telephone call-in and supplemental printed materials will be available for those who do not have internet access. The initial group session portion of SMART will be completed over 10-12 weeks. Educational components address the challenges imposed by epilepsy and comorbidity, as well as problem-identification and goal-setting, while Peer Educators and the group format address adherence, social support/social isolation, and self-efficacy. Following group sessions, participants will have 3 brief (no more than 15 minutes) monthly web-based or telephone maintenance sessions conducted by the Nurse Educator. Telephone sessions will address on-going issues of epilepsy self-management, including treatment adherence.
No Intervention: Waitlist; Individuals randomized to WL will continue in their usual care. After they complete their 13-week and 6-month assessments, they will begin participating in the SMART program.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Individual Change in NHEs	The proportion of individuals with change in their total numbers NHEs in the prior 6 months at baseline compared to week 24 of the trial. NHEs are defined as seizures, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and self-harm attempts.	6 months
Total Reduction in NHEs	The reduction in NHE counts in the 6 months prior to baseline compared to week 24 of the trial. NHEs are defined as seizures, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and self-harm attempts.	6 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Depressive Symptoms	Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a widely used and validated self-rated depression scale. The possible score range is 0-27. Higher scores mean more severe depressive symptom severity.	6 months for the RCT sample, with an additional 12 month follow-up extension
Functional health status	Short Form-36 (SF-36) -- a multipurpose, short-form health survey that yields two psychometrically-based components: a physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS).The possible score range is 0 to 100. The lower the score, the better the outcome.	6 months for the RCT sample, with an additional 12 month follow-up extension
Epilepsy control	Epilepsy control will be assessed via self-reported seizure frequency.	6 months for the RCT sample, with an additional 12 month follow-up extension
Quality of Life Specific to Epilepsy as assessed by QOLIE-31	Quality of life will be assessed with the Quality of life in epilepsy (QOLIE-31) self-administered questionnaire which comprises 7 components including seizure worry, overall quality of life, emotional well-being, energy-fatigue, cognitive functioning, medication effect, and social function. The possible score range is from 0 to 100. A higher score indicates a better quality of life, therefore a better outcome.	6 months for the RCT sample, with an additional 12 month follow-up extension

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Confidence in Ability to Manage Epilepsy assessed by ESES	The Epilepsy Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES) 2000 version will be used to assess confidence in a participant's ability to manage epilepsy. The possible score range is 0 to 330. Higher scores mean a better outcome.	6 months for the RCT sample, with an additional 12 month follow-up extension
Social Support	Social support will be measured with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), a 12-item scale that measures an individual's perception of social support provided by family and friends, as well as satisfaction with that support. The possible score range is from 12 to 84. Higher scores indicate higher perceived levels of social support.	6 months for the RCT sample, with an additional 12 month follow-up extension
Stigma for Epilepsy	Stigma for Epilepsy will be measured using the 24-item Stigma Scale of Epilepsy (SSE), The SSE is a validated, versatile and sensitive instrument which has been used mainly in resource poor settings to study stigma in epilepsy. The possible score range is 0 to 100. Higher scores mean a higher perception of stigma with epilepsy.	6 months for the RCT sample, with an additional 12 month follow-up extension
Epilepsy Self-Management Competency	Epilepsy self-management competency will be measured with the Epilepsy Self-Management Scale (ESMS), a 38 item scale that assesses frequency of use of epilepsy self-management practices. The possible score range is 38-190. Higher scores indicate more frequent use of self-management strategies, meaning a better outcome.	6 months for the RCT sample, with an additional 12 month follow-up extension

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Mark A. Granner
• Collaborators: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Martha Sajatovic, MD, Case Western Reserve University; Principal Investigator: Mark Granner, MD, University of Iowa

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Ghearing GR, Briggs F, Cassidy K, Privitera M, Blixen C, Sajatovic M. A randomized controlled trial of self-management for people with epilepsy and a history of negative health events (SMART) targeting rural and underserved people with epilepsy: a methodologic report. Trials. 2021 Nov 20;22(1):821. doi: 10.1186/s13063-021-05762-z.

Helpful Links

• The Managing Epilepsy Well Network's page for the SMART program

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): May 19, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 3, 2024
• Study Completion (Actual): December 3, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 8, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 8, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): January 12, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 25, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 29, 2025
• Last Verified: November 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Epilepsy; Self-management; Rural
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Epilepsy
• Other Study ID Numbers: 201910824

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No