- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT04708704
Photodegraded Edible Food Dyes
Investigation of Photodegraded Edible Food Dyes in Drinking Water on Thyroid Function
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Detailed Description
Access to safe drinking water is a fundamental human right recognized by the United Nations, yet achieving universal access in the developing world has been impeded by insufficient water treatment infrastructure and lack of sustained maintenance. As of 2015, 844 million individuals in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) did not have access to improved drinking water sources and 159 million people directly used untreated surface water, resulting in the loss of 502 thousand lives annually by diarrheal diseases from pathogen-contaminated water. Because drinking water inequity and the associated mortality disproportionally burden the rural developing world, the provision of improved point-of-use (POU) water treatment technologies that are low cost, simple, and require minimal infrastructure is crucial for achieving ubiquitous access to safe drinking water.
Several POU water treatment methods are currently applied in LMICs (e.g., solar disinfection (SODIS), granular media or ceramic pot filtration, chlorination, etc.). Although effective against bacteria, most perform relatively poorly for virus removal, and all POU technologies demonstrate lower efficacy in the field due to compromised initial water quality and operation by relatively unskilled users. While POU technologies have contributed to the reduction of bacterial and parasitic gastroenteritis, instances of viral gastroenteritis have not declined, with viral agents observed in 43% of developing world diarrheal cases.
One POU technology in development that has demonstrated potential for inactivating viruses in drinking water is the application of an edible photosensitizing dye to the water for disinfection. When exposed to sunlight, the photosensitizing dye produces singlet oxygen, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of inactivating a wide range of viruses. Erythrosine, an FDA-approved dye, has proven its ability to disinfect drinking water, achieving 4-log inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 in under 10 minutes of sunlight exposure. Furthermore, the dye photobleaches upon exposure to light, and the accompanying distinct color change (e.g., from erythrosine red to transparent) occurs at a rate comparable to the disinfection, providing a safety indication that disinfection has completed, a much-needed function lacking in other POU technologies. At a total cost of $0.002-0.003 per liter of treated water, it is cheaper than boiling water in several developing nations and is a financially viable water disinfection technology.
Erythrosine, also known as FD&C Red No. 3 in the USA, is approved by the FDA for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics, with an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 2.5 mg/kg bw/day. The concentration recommended by literature for disinfection in drinking water is 5.0 µM erythrosine, or approximately 4.4 mg/L. With the average American consuming 2.38 L of drinking water and beverages per day, a daily exposure of 10.5 mg erythrosine/day is expected. Assuming the total water consumption per day in LMICs matches the American consumption of 2.38 L, then a 60-kg individual would experience a daily erythrosine dose of 0.17 mg/kg bw/day, well below the established FDA ADI.
The motivation for investigating the human health effects of erythrosine stems from the unknown behavior of the photodegradation products. While the molecular structure of erythrosine will change upon oxidation by singlet oxygen, the typical reactions of singlet oxygen are addition reactions that do not typically lead to cleavage of the molecular structure. As a result, it is not expected that the absorption rates of erythrosine to change significantly upon oxidative photobleaching. However, these oxidative products have not been previously tested for toxicity and should be examined before allowing erythrosine-based water disinfection to be further developed. Recent tests have attempted to characterize the photooxidation products of erythrosine but were inconclusive.
Furthermore, previous literature states that ~19% of iodine in the molecular structure of erythrosine is released to the solution after exposure to light and oxidation by singlet oxygen. If the previous water treatment parameters are followed (5.0 µM erythrosine, 2.38 L water/day, 60 kg individual), the daily consumption of iodine released from erythrosine would be 1.1 mg I/day. The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) and no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for iodine are 1.7 mg I/day and 1.0-1.2 mg I/day, resulting in the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 1.1 mg I/day. If the literature-reported release of iodine from erythrosine is correct, then exposures are at the UL for iodine. Due to the poor absorption of erythrosine by the gastrointestinal tract, it is not expected that the iodine which remains bound to erythrosine to significantly impact the total iodine consumption. While it is not expected that erythrosine-based water treatment to result in adverse outcomes due to exposure to erythrosine photoproducts or overexposure to iodine, it is important to follow a cautious approach and test for its impact before allowing for the further development of a technology that would be consumed daily by individuals in the developing world.
Study Type
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Connecticut
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New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06520
- Yale University
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Be enrolled at Yale University;
- Be 18 years of age or older;
- Be a non-smoker and not be using any contraindicated drugs; and,
- Have no pre-existing health problems.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Not fluent in English.
- Pregnant
- Diagnosis of a thyroid-related disease.
- Levels of TSH, T3 and T4 outside the normal range.
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Prevention
- Allocation: N/A
- Interventional Model: Sequential Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
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Experimental: Erythrosine, prepared in drinking water
One point-of-use technology in development that has demonstrated potential for inactivating viruses in drinking water is the application of an edible photosensitizing dye to the water for disinfection.
When exposed to sunlight, the photosensitizing dye produces singlet oxygen, a reactive oxygen species capable of inactivating a wide range of viruses.
Erythrosine, an FDA-approved dye, has proven its ability to disinfect drinking water, achieving 4-log inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 in under 10 minutes of sunlight exposure.
Furthermore, the dye photobleaches upon exposure to light, and the accompanying distinct color change (e.g., red to transparent) occurs at a rate comparable to the disinfection, providing a safety indication that disinfection has completed, a much-needed function lacking in other point-of-use technologies.
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Erythrosine will be obtained from Roxy & Rich Inc. (Intense Water-Soluble Food Colorant - Pink), which is certified to be edible and complies with US FDA, Health Canada, and European food safety standards.
The erythrosine will be prepared in 500 mL of drinking water and participants will received single daily doses for 14 days.
We will use a targeted dose of 0.69 mg/kg bw.
Erythrosine will be SODIS-treated to produce photobleached erythrosine.
Transparent 500 mL polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic water bottles will be commercially purchased (Kirkland Signature Purified Water).
All branding information and labeling will be removed from the bottles.
Water bottles will be dosed with ~41 mg erythrosine (0.69 mg/kg bw) using an erythrosine stock solution (8.2 g/L) and will be shaken to mix.
The erythrosine-dosed bottles will be placed on a metal shelf and exposed to natural sunlight on the roof of Yale Engineering.
Sunlight exposure will be conducted until the absorbance value of erythrosine at the absorption maximum of 526 nm falls below 0.05 above baseline, as measured by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.
The water bottles containing photobleached erythrosine will be stored under refrigeration in the dark until consumption by participants.
Iodine used in the study will be in the form of FCC-grade potassium iodide, which will be obtained from VWR. FCC grade potassium iodide meets the requirements set by the Food Chemical Codex and is suitable for all applications in foods and beverages.
Iodine (control exposure) will be prepared in 500 mL of drinking water and participants will received single daily doses for 14 days.
We will use a targeted dose of 0.75 mg/kg bw.
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Thyroid Panel
Time Frame: 15 days
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triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and T3 resin uptake (T3RU) in serum
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15 days
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Complete blood count (CBC)
Time Frame: 15 days
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Whole blood
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15 days
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Iodine
Time Frame: 15 days
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Serum and urine
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15 days
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Anticipated)
Primary Completion (Anticipated)
Study Completion (Anticipated)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- 2000026634
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
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