Treatment for Relationships and Safety Together (TR&ST)

Development of a Novel Couples-Based Suicide Intervention: Treatment for Relationships and Safety Together (TR&ST)

Suicide prevention is the top clinical priority for VA/DoD. Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the United States and worldwide with suicide rates among U.S. military Veterans doubling (27.7 per 100,000) the rate of civilian levels. Despite a rise in prevention efforts, rates have continued to increase. Theories of suicide and rehabilitation psychology stress the importance of the person-environment interaction in contributing to one's disability experience. Several studies have found that the most frequent situation precipitating suicide was a problem with a romantic partner. In contrast, people with higher relationship satisfaction are less likely to have suicidal thoughts. Prevention of suicide in high risk Veterans is of vital importance and the quality of one's intimate relationship is an understudied intervention target for suicide prevention. Despite the fact that VA/DoD recommend and Veterans desire treatments that involve family members, currently no couple-based suicide-specific interventions exist. The goals of this CDA-II proposal are to refine and pilot a novel suicide-specific couple-based intervention: Treatment for Relationships and Safety Together (TR&ST). TR&ST adapts an evidence-based intervention for suicide, Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (BCBT) for Suicide, to be dyadically focused and integrates Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy (CBCT) skills. The proposed 5-year study consists of two phases. Phase 1: treatment refinement with 12 couples (N=24) and Phase 2: pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) of TR&ST compared to VA Standard Suicide Intervention, which will involve suicide risk assessment, VA safety planning, Suicide Prevention Coordinator (SPC) follow-up, and referral to outpatient mental health with 60 couples (N=120). The intervention period is 11-weeks and the entire study period is approximately 7 months. Couples in both phases will be quantitatively assessed at baseline, mid-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-months post-treatment. The primary outcome to be evaluated is change in severity of suicidal thoughts. Secondary outcomes concern changes in interpersonal functioning theorized to influence suicidal thoughts and behavior.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Suicide; Interpersonal Relations
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: VA Standard Suicide Intervention; Behavioral: Treatment for Relationships and Safety Together (TR&ST)

Detailed Description

Suicide prevention is the top clinical priority for VA/DoD. Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the United States and worldwide with suicide rates among U.S. military Veterans doubling (27.7 per 100,000) the rate of civilian levels. Despite a rise in prevention efforts, rates have continued to increase. Theories of suicide and rehabilitation psychology stress the importance of the person-environment interaction in contributing to one's disability experience. Several studies have found that the most frequent situation precipitating suicide was a problem with a romantic partner. In contrast, people with higher relationship satisfaction are less likely to have suicidal thoughts. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) identifies social engagement and communication as important components of functioning. Prevention of suicide in at-risk Veterans is of vital importance and the quality of one's intimate relationship is an understudied intervention target for suicide prevention. The importance of including family members in Veterans' suicide related care is a critical component of the National Strategy for Preventing Veteran Suicides 2018-2028, the National Action Alliance on Suicide Prevention, and a key finding from VA/DoD patient focus groups conducted for the 2019 VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Patients at Risk for Suicide. Despite the fact that VA/DoD recommend and Veterans desire treatments that involve family members, currently no couple-based suicide-specific interventions exist. The goals of this CDA-II are to refine and pilot a novel suicide-specific couple-based intervention-Treatment for Relationships and Safety Together (TR&ST). TR&ST adapts an evidence-based intervention for suicide, Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (BCBT) for Suicide, to be dyadically focused and integrates Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy (CBCT) skills.

The proposed 5-year study consists of two phases. Phase 1: treatment refinement with 12 couples (N=24) and Phase 2: pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) of TR&ST compared to VA Standard Suicide Intervention, which will involve suicide risk assessment, VA safety planning, Suicide Prevention Coordinator (SPC) follow-up, and referral to outpatient mental health with 60 couples (N=120). The intervention period is 11-weeks and the entire study period is approximately 7 months. Couples in both phases will be quantitatively assessed at baseline, mid-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-months post-treatment. The primary outcome to be evaluated is change in severity of suicidal ideation. Secondary outcomes concern changes in interpersonal functioning theorized to influence suicidal ideation and behavior.

The Specific Aims of the study are:

Aim 1 (Phase 1): refine TR&ST in a population of Veterans with active suicidal ideation Aim 2 (Phase 2): evaluate feasibility and acceptability of TR&ST Hypothesis 1 is that TR&ST will be feasible to deliver, as evidenced by attainment of recruitment goals, retention rates 70%, and high credibility and expectancy ratings and satisfaction.

Aim 3 (Phase 2): estimate the preliminary impact of TR&ST vs. VA Standard Suicide Intervention on suicidal ideation severity and proximal targets of interpersonal functioning over 7 months to determine if a future efficacy trial is warranted.

Hypothesis 2a is that Veterans engaged in TR&ST (vs. VA Standard Suicide Intervention) will have greater reduction in suicidal ideation severity (primary outcome) Hypothesis 2b is that Veterans and partners engaged in TR&ST (vs. VA Standard Suicide Intervention) will have improved interpersonal functioning (i.e., communication, bonding, relationship satisfaction) Hypothesis 2c is that the effect of TR&ST on Veteran's reduced suicidal ideation will be mediated by improvements in Veteran and partner interpersonal functioning Exploratory Aim 1: examine rates of suicide related behavior for Veterans in TR&ST (vs. VA Standard Suicide Intervention) Exploratory Aim 2: examine links between weekly changes in suicidal ideation and relationship quality Exploratory Aim 3: examine the impact of TR&ST on depression, PTSD, and relationship conflict

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 104
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • California
    • San Diego, California, United States, 92161-0002
      • VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Veterans who report present suicidal ideation CSSR-S > 2 ("Active thoughts of killing oneself") in past 1 month at phone screen and/or a suicide attempt in the prior 3 months, and
• an intimate partner who is willing to participate.

• Additional inclusion criteria for both Veterans and Partners include:

  • in the committed relationship for at least 6 months
  • plans to remain in the San Diego region for 7 months
  • capable of informed consent
  • agree to have assessment and treatment sessions audio recorded.

Exclusion Criteria:

The following are our Exclusion Criteria for both Veterans and Partners:

• not English speaking
• cannot complete the assessment battery
• current substance use requiring immediate detoxification or outpatient plan directed specifically to residential substance use disorder (not mental health) services
• has or meets criteria for a current diagnosis of psychosis and/or mania in either member of the couple
• under conservatorship requiring proxy consent
• any perpetration of severe physical or sexual relationship aggression in the past year (as assessed by the CTS-2)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: VA Standard Suicide Intervention; Our active control condition is standardized and contains the elements of standard practice suicide-specific intervention delivered at the VA, which include: 1) suicide risk assessment using the CSSR-S, 2) VA Safety Planning Intervention, 3) timely referral to VA mental health outpatient care, including couples intervention (engagement will be tracked), and 4) Suicide Prevention Coordinator (SPC) follow-up contacts (which have been found to significantly reduce suicidal behavior).	Behavioral: VA Standard Suicide Intervention; Our active control condition is standardized and contains the elements of standard practice suicide-specific intervention delivered at the VA, which include: 1) suicide risk assessment using the CSSR-S, 2) VA Safety Planning Intervention, 3) timely referral to VA mental health outpatient care, including couples intervention (engagement will be tracked), and 4) Suicide Prevention Coordinator (SPC) follow-up contacts (which have been found to significantly reduce suicidal behavior).
Experimental: Treatment for Relationships and Safety Together (TR&ST); TR&ST consists of eleven 90-minute sessions delivered in three phases. During phase one, couples receive a tailored cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of suicide and relationship distress based on clinical interview, as well as psychoeducation about their bidirectional influences. They also engage in behavioral activation focused on positive couple activities, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and conflict management strategies. In phase two, couples learn communication skills and discuss suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as well as their relationship challenges that interact with suicidal thoughts and behavior. Phase three is focused on conjoint thought challenging to shift dysfunctional cognitions related to suicide and relationship problems.	Behavioral: Treatment for Relationships and Safety Together (TR&ST); TR&ST consists of eleven 90-minute sessions delivered in three phases. During phase one, couples receive a tailored cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of suicide and relationship distress based on clinical interview, as well as psychoeducation about their bidirectional influences. They also engage in behavioral activation focused on positive couple activities, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and conflict management strategies. In phase two, couples learn communication skills and discuss suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as well as their relationship challenges that interact with suicidal thoughts and behavior. Phase three is focused on conjoint thought challenging to shift dysfunctional cognitions related to suicide and relationship problems.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in severity of suicidal ideation from baseline	The Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation has a minimum possible score of 0, and maximum possible score of 38, wherein higher scores reflect more severe suicidal ideation.	Delivered at baseline, 7 weeks after baseline (mid-treatment), 13 weeks after baseline (post-treatment), and 25 weeks after baseline

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in positive communication from baseline	The Communication Skills Test has a minimum possible score of 10, and maximum possible score of 70, wherein higher scores reflect more positive communication.	Delivered at baseline, 7 weeks after baseline (mid-treatment), 13 weeks after baseline (post-treatment), and 25 weeks after baseline
Change in negative communication from baseline	The Communication Danger Signs Scale has a minimum possible score of 5, and maximum possible score of 15, wherein higher scores reflect more negative communication.	Delivered at baseline, 7 weeks after baseline (mid-treatment), 13 weeks after baseline (post-treatment), and 25 weeks after baseline
Change in positive bonding from baseline	The Positive Bonding Scale has a minimum possible score of 9, and maximum possible score of 63, wherein higher scores reflect more positive bonding.	Delivered at baseline, 7 weeks after baseline (mid-treatment), 13 weeks after baseline (post-treatment), and 25 weeks after baseline
Change in perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belonging from baseline	The Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire has a minimum possible score of 15, and maximum possible score of 105, wherein higher scores reflect higher perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belonging.	Delivered at baseline, 7 weeks after baseline (mid-treatment), 13 weeks after baseline (post-treatment), and 25 weeks after baseline
Change in relationship satisfaction from baseline	The Couples Satisfaction Index has a minimum possible score of 0, and maximum possible score of 161, wherein higher scores reflect higher relationship satisfaction.	Delivered at baseline, 7 weeks after baseline (mid-treatment), 13 weeks after baseline (post-treatment), and 25 weeks after baseline

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Expectations of Treatment	The Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire consists of 6 items rated on a 1-9 or a 0%-100% scale, wherein higher scores reflect higher treatment credibility and expectancy.	baseline
Satisfaction with Care	The Client Satisfaction Questionnaire has a minimum possible score of 8, and a maximum possible score of 32, wherein higher scores reflect greater satisfaction with the intervention.	13 weeks after baseline (post-treatment)
Change in relationship conflict from baseline	The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale consists of 20 items rated on a 0-7 scale, wherein higher scores reflect more conflict.	Delivered at baseline, 7 weeks after baseline (mid-treatment), 13 weeks after baseline (post-treatment), and 25 weeks after baseline
Change in severity of depression from baseline	The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 has a minimum possible score of 0 and a maximum possible score of 27, wherein higher scores reflect higher severity of depression.	Delivered at baseline, 7 weeks after baseline (mid-treatment), 13 weeks after baseline (post-treatment), and 25 weeks after baseline
Changes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder severity from baseline	The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) has a minimum possible score of 0 and a maximum possible score of 80, wherein higher scores reflect more severe posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology.	Delivered at baseline, 7 weeks after baseline (mid-treatment), 13 weeks after baseline (post-treatment), and 25 weeks after baseline
Outpatient Engagement	Outpatient engagement will be measured with the Cornell Services Index, which is an instrument that elicits information about the quantity and timing of inpatient and outpatient care (both mental health and non-mental health) as well as self-help groups.	Delivered at baseline, 7 weeks after baseline (mid-treatment), 13 weeks after baseline (post-treatment), and 25 weeks after baseline

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: VA Office of Research and Development
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Chandra E Khalifian, PhD, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 15, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 31, 2026
• Study Completion (Actual): March 31, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 17, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 24, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): March 25, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 7, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 1, 2026
• Last Verified: April 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Suicide; Interpersonal Relations
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavioral Symptoms; Self-Injurious Behavior; Behavior; Suicide; Psychotherapy; Behavioral Disciplines and Activities; Psychotherapeutic Processes; Therapeutics; Association
• Other Study ID Numbers: D3490-W; RX003490 (Other Grant/Funding Number: VA RR&D)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No