Testing the Efficacy of a Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Smartphone App for PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Testing the Efficacy of a Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Smartphone App Intervention for College Student Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Randomized Controlled Trial

The purpose of the study is to test the feasibility and acceptability of a mindfulness- and acceptance-based smartphone app (MABSA) intervention for college student veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The study will use a randomized controlled trial design of two groups: intervention group of about 30 participants with PTSD and wait-list control group of about 30 participants. The duration of the MABSA intervention is 6 weeks. The following are the outcomes to be measured: resilience, PTSD, mindfulness, experiential avoidance, and rumination.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Mindfulness/Acceptance-Based Smartphone App (MABSA) Intervention

Detailed Description

The objective of the proposed study is to evaluate the feasibility of the Mindfulness/Acceptance-Based Smartphone App (MABSA) intervention in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) environment and to obtain generalized information (i.e., initial efficacy, recruitment, retention, adherence, satisfaction, and usability of the refined intervention). The expected results will provide the foundation for a prospective, fully powered, larger-scale RCT study. We previously developed the MABSA and pilot tested it in a single-arm study. Our central hypothesis is that the refined MABSA intervention would improve intervention satisfaction, app usability, and adherence and positively affect resilience, PTSD, mindfulness, experiential avoidance, and rumination. The specific aims of the proposed study are outlined below.

AIM 1: To refine the previously developed MABSA intervention. The 6-week smartphone-delivered program will involve (1) daily audio-guided meditations on various mindfulness and acceptance exercises constructed based on the principles of acceptance and commitment therapy; (2) weekly support and feedback through phone calls and/or texting the intervention facilitators; and (3) ecological momentary assessment (daily monitoring of PTSD and resilience) to monitor the progression of treatment response (i.e., the trajectory of resilience and PTSD recovery). We will obtain qualitative feedback on program content and format through a pilot test of the prototype with a group of eligible college student veterans (N = 4). Upon revising the intervention based on participants' feedback, we will develop the intervention protocol manual for the RCT.

AIM 2: To test the feasibility and acceptability of the refined MABSA intervention in a small-scale RCT for a prospective, fully powered, larger-scale RCT study. The small-scale RCT study will involve the following two groups of college student veterans: (1) the MABSA intervention group (N = 30) and the waitlist control group (N = 30). Upon collecting the data on recruitment, retention, adherence, intervention satisfaction, and app usability, we will determine the preliminary efficacy based on the following five outcomes: resilience, PTSD, mindfulness, experiential avoidance, and rumination. Qualitative feedback on the facilitators of and challenges to recruitment, retention, and adherence will be collected via exit interviews.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 64
• Phase: Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Andrew T Reyes, PhD; Phone Number: 702-895-5094; Email: andrewthomas.reyes@unlv.edu

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• (1) aged 18 years old or older, (2) currently registered as an undergraduate or graduate student, (3) has previous active military service from any U.S. military service branch, (4) has at least daily access to their own Apple iPhone (version 5 or later) or Android phone, and (5) have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (must have a score of 33 or above on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5)

Exclusion Criteria:

• (1) Those who have a score of 32 or below on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 and (2) Those who have a cognitive impairment such as dementia-related disorders.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: Mindfulness/Acceptance-Based Smartphone App (MABSA) Intervention Group; The intervention is 6 weeks in duration. Participants will be asked to listen daily to at least one audio-guided mindfulness meditation embedded in the app. They will also be asked to watch a weekly video lesson on mindfulness and acceptance and will be asked to write a reflection about the video. They will also receive weekly emotional and technical support during the duration of the intervention.	Behavioral: Mindfulness/Acceptance-Based Smartphone App (MABSA) Intervention; The intervention is based on the principles of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Therefore, the intervention is an ACT-based smartphone app delivered for 6 weeks in which participants will be applying the mindfulness and acceptance exercises embedded in the app. The mindfulness and acceptance exercises are audio-guided mindfulness meditations and video lessons about ACT.
NO_INTERVENTION: Wait-List Control Group; The control group is a wait-list control group. Participants in the control group will be offered to use the app after 10 weeks of being in the study. The control group participants once they opted to use the app after 10 weeks will only have access to the app for 6 weeks.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
PTSD	Changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms based on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)	We will measure PTSD at baseline, mid-intervention (Week 3), post-intervention (Week 6), and at one-month follow-up
Resilience	Changes in resilience based on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 25	We will measure PTSD at baseline, mid-intervention (Week 3), post-intervention (Week 6), and at one-month follow-up
Mindfulness	Changes in mindfulness based on the Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale	We will measure PTSD at baseline, mid-intervention (Week 3), post-intervention (Week 6), and at one-month follow-up
Experiential Avoidance	Changes in experiential avoidance based on the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire	We will measure PTSD at baseline, mid-intervention (Week 3), post-intervention (Week 6), and at one-month follow-up
Rumination	Changes in rumination based on the Rumination Scale	We will measure PTSD at baseline, mid-intervention (Week 3), post-intervention (Week 6), and at one-month follow-up

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
PTSD Recovery	Daily measures of PTSD using the abbreviated PTSD Checklist for DSM-5	We will measure PTSD daily using the app (ecological momentary assessment)
Resilience Progression	Daily measures of resilience using the abbreviate Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10	We will measure resilience daily using the app (ecological momentary assessment)

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Intervention Satisfaction	Satisfaction with the intervention particularly on the areas of: overall satisfaction, perceived helpfulness, comprehension, intentions to use, and perceived fit	We will measure intervention satisfaction at mid-intervention (Week 3) and post-intervention (Week 6)
System Usability	Perceived usability of the app using the System Usability Scale	We will measure perceived usability of the app at mid-intervention (Week 3) and post-intervention (Week 6)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Nevada, Las Vegas
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Andrew T Reyes, PhD, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Reyes AT, Bhatta TR, Muthukumar V, Gangozo WJ. Testing the acceptability and initial efficacy of a smartphone-app mindfulness intervention for college student veterans with PTSD. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2020 Apr;34(2):58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2020.02.004. Epub 2020 Feb 18.
• Reyes AT, Serafica R, Sojobi A. College student veterans' experience with a mindfulness- and acceptance-based mobile app intervention for PTSD: A qualitative study. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2020 Dec;34(6):497-506. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2020.09.005. Epub 2020 Sep 11.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ANTICIPATED): January 1, 2022
• Primary Completion (ANTICIPATED): June 30, 2022
• Study Completion (ANTICIPATED): June 30, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 22, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 22, 2021
• First Posted (ACTUAL): April 27, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): December 13, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 9, 2021
• Last Verified: December 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, mindfulness, acceptance, resilience
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders; Stress Disorders, Traumatic; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
• Other Study ID Numbers: 1603895-3

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No