Use of Remote Thermovisual Monitoring in Patients With a Previous Diabetic Foot Ulcer

A Pilot Study to Investigate the Use of Remote Thermovisual Monitoring in Patients With a Previous Diabetic Foot Ulcer, During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The goal of the clinical trial is to investigate adherence to, and effects of, the Bluedrop Monitoring System (BMS) in high-risk patients with at least one previous diabetic foot ulcer (DFU).

The BMS is a remote thermovisual monitoring system, which allows the condition of the soles of the feet to be remotely monitored for thermal and visual signs of inflammation, both of which may signal the onset of certain conditions, such as diabetic foot ulcers.

It is comprised of the Delta Foot Scanner (DFS) device and its accompanying Sentinel Review Interface (SRI) software.

The Covid-19 pandemic has driven the need for remote patient care where possible. Although this is challenging for people with foot ulcers, prevention is the key. Remote thermovisual monitoring might help reduce recurrent foot ulcers and therefore the number of necessary hospital visits which always puts the patient at increased risk of Covid infection.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Diabetic Foot Ulcer
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Patient specific, clinician determined Intervention

Detailed Description

Despite the introduction of preventative foot care guidelines DFUs have a high re-ulceration rate. In the first 12 months following healing, 30-50% will develop a subsequent DFU and by year 5 this rate increases to 70%. Temperature monitoring has been proposed as a way to reduce this re-ulceration rate but has not been widely adopted.

Based on the existing evidence groups such as the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) have recommended temperature monitoring for the prevention of recurrent foot ulcers.

Despite these recommendations the technique has not been widely adopted. This is likely due to a number of factors, but NICE, in their guidance document for the prevention and management of foot ulcers (NG19) states:

"While temperature foot monitoring was found to be the only effective form of augmented self-examination, the intervention tool was felt to be quite difficult to use and required a strongly motivated population to actually perform consistently and fill out the required log books".

Bluedrop Medical have developed a product which leverages the existing evidence on temperature monitoring but builds it into a device which also includes the ability to take photographic images, is easy to use, and can integrate well with the healthcare system.

The goal of the clinical trial is to demonstrate that patients will use the device consistently over the course of the study. It will also be used to determine the clinician reported utility of thermovisual data to conduct a remote assessment or remote intervention.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 31
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Caroline Abbott, PhD; Phone Number: 07801352918; Email: C.Abbott@mmu.ac.uk
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Chris Murphy, MSc; Phone Number: 353 (0) 87 2623164; Email: chris@bluedropmedical.com

Study Locations

• Ireland
  • Galway, Ireland
    • Merlin Park University Hospital
• United Kingdom
  • Manchester, United Kingdom, M13 9WL
    • Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus types 1 or 2
2. Aged 18 years or older
3. Have loss of protective sensation based on the presence of peripheral neuropathy (Vibration Perception Threshold (VPT) ≥ 25V on either foot)
4. Have a recent history of a DFU (i.e. an ulcer, defined as cutaneous erosion through the dermis on the foot) which was present for at least 2 weeks and has healed within 2-18 months before entry into the study
5. Ability to provide informed consent
6. Able to walk independently for 10m or more
7. The patient has foot care from a podiatrist or is willing to undergo foot care by a podiatrist
8. Access to a mobile phone so able to receive text notifications, or access to a landline to receive telephone call notifications.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Active foot ulceration or open amputation sites
2. An ulcer that has deemed to have healed within the 2 months prior to entry into the study
3. Weight, when fully clothed, of greater than 150kg.
4. Active Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy
5. Active foot infection
6. Any history of lower limb amputation
7. Significant Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) defined as history of revascularisation or absence of foot pulses
8. Concomitant severe physical or mental condition(s) that limit the ability to follow instructions for the study, based on the clinical judgment by the physician. This includes the inability to use DFS, without having a carer who can perform the temperature measurements

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Other
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Intervention / Treatment

Other: Open Arm Study - All participants; Study is open arm with no blinding or randomisation. Patients will receive standard care including frequent clinical visits, education, and preventative foot care/podiatry as required. Patients will also be given a DFS thermovisual scanner device. Patients will be instructed to use the DFS on a daily basis, at home, to record thermovisual data about the soles of their feet. Data collected from the DFS device will be transmitted to a remote, cloud-based server for daily review using the SRI software. If a temperature difference of >2.2°C between similar points on the left and right feet is identified for 2 consecutive scans, or visible signs of skin damage are observed, the site will be notified and sent a report containing the findings. Once notified the site will contact the patient by telephone and determine the best course of action based on standard practices (e.g. offloading, attending an appointment).

Behavioral: Patient specific, clinician determined Intervention; Data collected from the DFS device will be transmitted to a remote, cloud-based server for daily review using the SRI software. If a temperature difference of >2.2°C between similar points on the left and right feet is identified for 2 consecutive scans, or visible signs of skin damage are observed, the site will be notified and sent a report containing the findings. Once notified the site will contact the patient by telephone and determine the best course of action based on standard practices (e.g. offloading, attending an appointment).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Patient Adherence	Patient adherence, tracked throughout duration of study, as measured through the number of device uses in each week, and the average number of device uses over the whole study.	3 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Clinic reported utility of thermovisual data for remote analysis and remote intervention - Number of scans in each Likert response category	On receipt of a report due to an identified issue the clinic will be asked to complete a brief survey to determine utility of thermovisual data to remotely assess and issue guidance to the patient. The survey will use a 5-point Likert scale to assess overall usefulness of the report for (1) remote analysis and (2) remote intervention. Responses will be scored from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree), where larger scores indicate a more positive experience with the device. The number of scans in each Likert response category will be presented.	3 months
Clinic reported utility of thermovisual data for remote analysis and remote intervention - Percentage of scans in each Likert response category	On receipt of a report due to an identified issue the clinic will be asked to complete a brief survey to determine utility of thermovisual data to remotely assess and issue guidance to the patient. The survey will use a 5-point Likert scale to assess overall usefulness of the report for (1) remote analysis and (2) remote intervention. Responses will be scored from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree), where larger scores indicate a more positive experience with the device. The percentage of scans in each Likert response category will be presented.	3 months
Level of agreement between in-person visual assessment and remote assessment.	When the patient reports for a scheduled or unscheduled visit the clinic will carry out an in-person visual assessment of the feet. Visible signs of skin damage on the plantar surface of the feet will be recorded. In addition to this, at the end of the study, a blinded clinician will retrospectively review the 4 thermovisual scans taken prior to the schedule or unscheduled visit and record any signs of skin damage. The level of agreement between the in-person visual assessment and the remote assessment using the scans will then be determined.Identified skin issues in both the in-person and remote assessments will be categorized and grouped together using headings such as DFU, callus, discoloration, deformation. The location of the issue will also be recorded (e.g. plantar surface, interdigit, etc). The degree of agreement between the dichotomous scores from in-person visual assessment and the remote scan assessment will be determined using Cohen's kappa (κ).	3 months
Patient reported device usability	Patient reported device convenience, ease of use, usefulness of text reminders, impact on attitude towards care and overall satisfaction will be assessed via a survey during, and at the end, of the study.	3 months
DFU Incidence rates and severities	DFU severity will be assessed using the Texas wound classification system and the SINBAD scale. The relative depth of the ulcer, presence of infection or ischaemia or both will be used to categorise the wound grade and stage. The SINBAD Classification System assigns a SINBAD score from 0 to 6 to each ulcer based on a set of criteria, and larger scores indicate more severe ulcers.	3 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Bluedrop Medical Limited
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Andrew Boulton, PhD, Prof. of Medicine, University of Manchester & Consultant Physician, Manchester Royal Infirmary; Principal Investigator: Caroline McIntosh, PhD, Podiatric Medicine School of Health Sciences Áras Moyola, NUI Galway

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Bus SA, van Netten JJ, Lavery LA, Monteiro-Soares M, Rasmussen A, Jubiz Y, Price PE; International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. IWGDF guidance on the prevention of foot ulcers in at-risk patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016 Jan;32 Suppl 1:16-24. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2696. No abstract available.
• Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 15;376(24):2367-2375. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1615439. No abstract available.
• Boulton AJ, Kirsner RS, Vileikyte L. Clinical practice. Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 1;351(1):48-55. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp032966. No abstract available.
• Jeffcoate WJ, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM. Current Challenges and Opportunities in the Prevention and Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018 Apr;41(4):645-652. doi: 10.2337/dc17-1836.
• Lavery LA, Higgins KR, Lanctot DR, Constantinides GP, Zamorano RG, Armstrong DG, Athanasiou KA, Agrawal CM. Home monitoring of foot skin temperatures to prevent ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2004 Nov;27(11):2642-7. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.11.2642.
• Lavery LA, Higgins KR, Lanctot DR, Constantinides GP, Zamorano RG, Athanasiou KA, Armstrong DG, Agrawal CM. Preventing diabetic foot ulcer recurrence in high-risk patients: use of temperature monitoring as a self-assessment tool. Diabetes Care. 2007 Jan;30(1):14-20. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1600.
• Armstrong DG, Holtz-Neiderer K, Wendel C, Mohler MJ, Kimbriel HR, Lavery LA. Skin temperature monitoring reduces the risk for diabetic foot ulceration in high-risk patients. Am J Med. 2007 Dec;120(12):1042-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.06.028. Erratum In: Am J Med. 2008 Dec;121(12). doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.029.
• Bus SA, van Netten JJ. A shift in priority in diabetic foot care and research: 75% of foot ulcers are preventable. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016 Jan;32 Suppl 1:195-200. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2738.
• Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J, Hann AW, Hussein A, Jackson N, Johnson KE, Ryder CH, Torkington R, Van Ross ER, Whalley AM, Widdows P, Williamson S, Boulton AJ; North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study. The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. Diabet Med. 2002 May;19(5):377-84. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x.
• Kerr M, Barron E, Chadwick P, Evans T, Kong WM, Rayman G, Sutton-Smith M, Todd G, Young B, Jeffcoate WJ. The cost of diabetic foot ulcers and amputations to the National Health Service in England. Diabet Med. 2019 Aug;36(8):995-1002. doi: 10.1111/dme.13973. Epub 2019 Jun 5.
• Yap MH, Chatwin KE, Ng CC, Abbott CA, Bowling FL, Rajbhandari S, Boulton AJM, Reeves ND. A New Mobile Application for Standardizing Diabetic Foot Images. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2018 Jan;12(1):169-173. doi: 10.1177/1932296817713761. Epub 2017 Jun 21.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): March 31, 2022
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 12, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): December 12, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 4, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 6, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): September 9, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): January 3, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 2, 2024
• Last Verified: January 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Cardiovascular Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Skin Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetic Angiopathies; Leg Ulcer; Skin Ulcer; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Neuropathies; Foot Diseases; Diabetic Foot; Foot Ulcer; Ulcer
• Other Study ID Numbers: BMS CP001

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No