Supplementation With L-ornithine But Not L-arginine Increases Density of CD68+ and CD163+ Macrophages in Periodontitis

September 11, 2021 updated by: Igor Kaydashev, Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy

Supplementation With L-ornithine Increases Representation Density of CD68+ and CD163+ Macrophages in Human Periodontitis Gingiva and Can Modulate Macrophages Phenotypes. Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

The aim of the study was to investigate whether oral administration of L-arginine or L-ornithine could modulate local representation density and ratio of macrophages in periodontitis-affected gingiva by using immunohistochemical detection of CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages in biopsies of the gingiva.

The null hypothesis tested was that L-arginine and L-ornithine have no influences on CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages densities when supplementing the treatment of periodontitis.

Materials and methods. 75 individuals with a diagnosis of generalized periodontitis at stages II-III and grade B (38 women and 37 men, 51% and 49%, respectively) were included in the study. Periodontitis was diagnosed by using the criteria of the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions 2017. 25 patients received scaling and root planing only; 25 patients additionally received L-arginine, and 25 - L-ornithine, according to instructions available in Ukraine.

For the immunohistochemical study of paraffin-embedded sections, the gingival biopsy was taken from 5 selected patients per group before treatment and after 1 month. CD68+ (cluster of differentiation 68 positive) and CD163+ cells served as a morphological equivalent of M1, M2 macrophages subpopulations, and their densities were calculated per 10000 μm2. Statistical analysis was performed by adequate power methods.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Study design The present work was the original research study. 75 individuals with a diagnosis of generalized periodontitis at stages II-III and grade B (38 women and 37 men, 51% and 49%, respectively) were included in the study. Periodontitis was diagnosed by using the criteria of the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions 2017. Stage II of periodontitis was diagnosed in the presence of 3 to 4 mm interdental CAL at the site of greatest loss, 4 to maximum 5 mm PPD, the radiographic bone loss at the root coronal third, and no tooth loss due to periodontitis. Stage III was diagnosed in the presence of ≥5 mm interdental CAL, the radiographic bone loss extending to the middle or apical third of the root, ≤4 teeth loss due to periodontitis. In all cases, periodontitis had a generalized pattern (>30% of teeth involved) and grade B as patterns of the progression, based on indirect evidence (radiographic bone loss expressed as a percentage of root length divided by the age of the subject was from 0.25 to 1.0).

Patients were grouped by stratified randomization into three groups: the SRP Group (patients received scaling and root planing as a full-mouth procedure, n=25); the Arg Group (patients received oral L-arginine aspartate (Yuria-Pharm, Ukraine) at a dose of 1 g t.i.d. for 10 days after SRP, n=25); and the Orn Group (patients received oral L-ornithine aspartate (Farmak, Ukraine) at a dose of 3 g t.i.d. for 15 days after SRP, n=25). We used arginine and ornithine according to instructions for these medicines available for use in Ukraine. During the study, all patients were on a stable diet, without changing their rations and regiments.

For all participants, gender and age were recorded, and periodontal parameters such as periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BoP) measurements were taken from six periodontal sites on all teeth (except for the third molars) by a single calibrated examiner using a manual periodontal probe (dental explorer tool labeled 0106.DT06.CP10, Den Tag, Italy). PPD and CAL were measured to the nearest 1 mm.

All patients were clinically examined before treatment and after 1 month ± 5 days.

Collection of gingival tissue samples For the precise immunohistochemical study, the gingival biopsy of approximately 3x3 mm was excised under local anesthesia before treatment and 1 month later in 5 selected patients per group. Biopsies were obtained in the same time-points, from a single site displaying the deepest pocket around suitable dental and periodontal procedures. Removal of these tissue biopsies did not interfere with the initial treatment plan or influence upon the expected clinical outcomes. After collection, biopsies were fixed in a 4% formalin solution for 24 hr of fixation, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin.

Immunohistochemistry and antibodies Paraffin sections, 2-3 μm in thickness were deparaffinized and dehydrated. Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, power of hydrogen (pH) 6, was performed by successive heating the slides in the microwave oven, then allowed to cool, rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), incubated with blocked reagent, rinsed, and incubated with mouse monoclonal CD68 antibodies (1:30, clone PG-M1, Diagnostic BioSystems, The Hague, The Netherlands) or anti-CD163 (1:100, clone 10D6, Diagnostic BioSystems, The Hague, The Netherlands). Then sections were stained with the 2-steps Mouse/Rabbit PolyVue Plus™ HRP/DAB Detection System (Diagnostic BioSystems, The Hague, The Netherlands), and counterstained with Mayer's haemalaun. PBS was used as a negative control, the lymph node tissue - as a positive control.

Evaluation of immunohistochemical staining CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages (Mφs) were estimated by counting the number of the cells by light microscope ×400 in intensive infiltrative areas, 5 regions from each slice were selected, and all 5 counts were taken for statistics. We counted immunopositive Mφs in the areas of cell infiltration, since they are directly related to inflammation. The number of cells per 10 000 μm2 was calculated as immunopositive cell density. Photos were obtained using the light microscope Axio Lab.A1 (Carl Zeiss, Göttingen, Germany) (×400).

Statistical analysis Small sample size was justified by the expectation of a high effect size, unknown null distribution, and compensated with adequate power non parametric statistics. Precise sample size calculation was not performed.

Means of PPD and CAL were calculated for sites with PD>4mm (affected sites). Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA) by means of descriptive statistics, chi-square test, one-way ANOVA and nonparametric ANOVA tests for multiple comparisons: Friedman - for dependent variables, Kruskal-Wallis test - for independent variables, with post-hoc analyzing. For descriptive statistics of cells numbers, the percentile ranges were also used because of non-normal distributions. The CD68+/CD163+ ratio was assessed by inter-group t-tests comparisons and Spearman correlation checking. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant in all of the analyses.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

75

Phase

  • Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Ukraine
      • Poltava, Ukraine, 36011
        • Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

21 years to 50 years (Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Presence of periodontitis
  • Good general health
  • At least 19 remaining teeth
  • Written informed consent forms

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications use within the preceding 3 months
  • Periodontal therapy within the previous 6 months
  • Purulent exudation from periodontal pockets
  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding
  • Presence of severe, uncontrolled (decompensated) diseases of the internal organs, or neuropsychiatric disorders
  • Presence of other conditions that determined the inability of the patient to understand the nature and possible consequences of the study

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: the SRP Group
Patients received conventional periodontal therapy including scaling and root planing as a full-mouth procedure, n=25.
Procedure: Scaling and root planing
Conventional periodontal therapy, non-surgical periodontal therapy
Other Names:
  • SRP
Experimental: the Arg Group
Patients received oral L-arginine aspartate (Yuria-Pharm, Ukraine) at a dose of 1 g t.i.d. for 10 days after conventional periodontal therapy, n=25.
Procedure: Scaling and root planing
Conventional periodontal therapy, non-surgical periodontal therapy
Other Names:
  • SRP
Drug: Oral L-arginine aspartate administration
The use of L-arginine aspartate as adjuncts to local conservative treatment (scaling and root planing) of periodontitis to optimize treatment by modulating local macrophage subpopulations
Other Names:
  • Oral supplementation with Tivortin® Aspartate (Yuria-Pharm, Ukraine)
Experimental: the Orn Group
Patients received oral L-ornithine aspartate (Farmak, Ukraine) at a dose of 3 g t.i.d. for 15 days after conventional periodontal therapy, n=25.
Procedure: Scaling and root planing
Conventional periodontal therapy, non-surgical periodontal therapy
Other Names:
  • SRP
Drug: Oral L-ornithine aspartate administration
The use of L-ornithine aspartate as adjuncts to local conservative treatment (scaling and root planing) of periodontitis to optimize treatment by modulating local macrophage subpopulations
Other Names:
  • Oral supplementation with Larnamin (Farmak, Ukraine)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Periodontal pocket depth (PPD)
Time Frame: Before treatment and after 1 month ± 5 days.
Mean changes in probing depth (PD). Measurements were taken from six periodontal sites on all teeth (except for the third molars) by a single calibrated examiner using a manual periodontal probe (0106.DT06.CP10, Den Tag, Italy) to the nearest 1 mm.
Before treatment and after 1 month ± 5 days.
Clinical attachment level (CAL)
Time Frame: Before treatment and after 1 month ± 5 days.
Mean changes in clinical attachment level.Measurements were taken from six periodontal sites on all teeth (except for the third molars) by a single calibrated examiner using a manual periodontal probe (0106.DT06.CP10, Den Tag, Italy) to the nearest 1 mm.
Before treatment and after 1 month ± 5 days.
Bleeding on probing (BoP) measurements
Time Frame: Before treatment and after 1 month ± 5 days.
Mean changes in BoP
Before treatment and after 1 month ± 5 days.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages density in gingiva
Time Frame: Before treatment and after 1 month ± 5 days.
The number of cells per 10 000 μm2 was calculated as immunopositive cell density
Before treatment and after 1 month ± 5 days.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Igor P Kaydashev, Dr.hab., Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

October 20, 2017

Primary Completion (Actual)

October 2, 2018

Study Completion (Actual)

November 1, 2018

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

August 31, 2021

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

September 8, 2021

First Posted (Actual)

September 13, 2021

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

September 17, 2021

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

September 11, 2021

Last Verified

September 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 0120U101151

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

No

IPD Plan Description

Because all the necessary participant data will be provided in the publication about the study

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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