- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT05079984
Agile Development of a Digital Exposure Treatment for Youth With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
This project proposes to systematically develop and evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a digitally delivered, graded exposure treatment for youth with chronic musculoskeletal pain, utilizing a sequential replicated and randomized single-case experimental design (SCED). SCED provides the opportunity to rigorously evaluate treatment effectiveness at the individual level.
Development of iGET Living will be based on a series of short iterations, with alpha testing (Aim 1) on a small sample of adolescents with chronic pain (N = 15) and their parents (N = 15). For Aim 1, participants will participate in three, two hour focus groups (one per week over the course of three weeks), resulting in 6 total hours of participation per participant for Aim 1.
Aim 2 will involve a sample (N = 20 youth, N = 20 parents) of naïve end-users. Participants will be enrolled in a baseline period ranging from 7-25 days (done to support SCED methodology) after which they will be enrolled in the online intervention program, lasting 6-weeks. Patients will be contacted 3-months post-discharge from treatment (week 22 of enrollment) and will complete self-report outcome measures at this time.
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Study Type
Enrollment (Estimated)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Contact
- Name: Lauren E Harrison, PhD
- Phone Number: 650-498-2486
- Email: leharr@stanford.edu
Study Contact Backup
- Name: Laura E Simons, PhD
- Phone Number: 650-736-0838
- Email: lesimons@stanford.edu
Study Locations
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California
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Menlo Park, California, United States, 94025
- Recruiting
- Pediatric Pain Management Clinic
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Contact:
- Lauren E Harrison, PhD
- Phone Number: 650-498-2486
- Email: leharr@stanford.edu
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Contact:
- Sarah Webster, BA
- Phone Number: 6504970270
- Email: swebster@stanford.edu
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Youth ages 10-17
- Have diagnosis of chronic musculoskeletal pain (>3months)
- Have moderate to high pain interference (PROMIS Pain Interference ≥ 61)
- English literate
- Have access to computer, smartphone, or tablet with internet connection
Exclusion Criteria:
- Significant cognitive impairment (e.g., brain injury)
- Significant medical or psychiatric problems that would interfere with treatment
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: N/A
- Interventional Model: Sequential Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Graded Exposure Intervention
For Aim 2, adolescents with chronic pain will be enrolled in a single-arm feasibility trial examining acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary effectiveness of a novel, digitally delivered, graded exposure treatment.
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Graded-exposure is a theory driven, individually tailored, and evidenced based behavioral intervention for individuals with chronic pain targeting pain-related impairment by exposing patients to previously feared and avoided activities.
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Assessment of Acceptability of Treatment Content and Digital Delivery Questionnaire - Likert Scale (Aim 1 and Aim 2)
Time Frame: Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Participant-rated acceptability measured on 5-point Likert scale.
Range 0-4 (higher scores indicate more acceptable).
Questionnaire will be administered to youth with chronic pain and their parents.
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Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Assessment of Acceptability of Treatment Content and Digital Delivery Questionnaire - Participant Responses (Aim 1 and Aim 2)
Time Frame: Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Acceptability will be assessed qualitatively through participant responses to open-ended questions related to acceptability, ease of use, comprehensibility, and suggestions for improvement.
Responses will be assessed categorically by the investigator.
Questionnaire will be administered to youth with chronic pain and their parents.
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Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Participant Satisfaction with the Intervention (Aim 1 and Aim 2)
Time Frame: 19 weeks (Assessed at the end of treatment)
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Treatment satisfaction at the end of treatment will be evaluated by examining mean satisfaction scores on an adapted version of the Pain Service Satisfaction Test (PSST, McCracken et al., 1997).
The PSST consists of 23 items rated on a 5-point Likert Scale (0 = not at all satisfied to 4 = very satisfied) and assesses the patient and parent's experience of the intervention.
Scores range from 0-92.
A score greater than/equal to 40 of 60 (satisfied to very satisfied) will indicate high levels of satisfaction with the intervention content.
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19 weeks (Assessed at the end of treatment)
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Percentage of Participants Dropped Out of Intervention (Aim 2)
Time Frame: 19 weeks (Assessed at the end of treatment)
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As a measure of treatment adherence, we will calculate the percentage of participants who drop out or withdraw from the intervention prior to completion of the intervention.
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19 weeks (Assessed at the end of treatment)
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Expectations for Treatment (Aim 2)
Time Frame: Baseline (up to 2 minutes to complete the survey)
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Participants (child) and parent expectations for treatment will be measured by the Treatment Expectancy and Creditability, Borkovec & Nau, 1972).
The TEC is comprised of 6 items rated on a 0 to 10 Likert-scale assessing expectations related to the effectiveness of the current treatment.
The TEC is completed by the patient at the end of the first treatment session.
Higher scores indicate greater expectations for treatment effectiveness.
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Baseline (up to 2 minutes to complete the survey)
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Functional Disability (Aim 2)
Time Frame: Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Functional disability will be assessed using the Functional Disability Inventory (FDI, Walker & Greene, 1991), a 15-item self-report measure of perceived difficulty in performing activities in school, home, physical, and social contexts.
Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (no trouble) to 4 (impossible).
Items are summed to create a total score (range 0-60), with higher scores indicating greater disability.
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Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Child Fear of Pain (Aim 2)
Time Frame: Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
|
Fear of Pain Questionnaire- Child (FOPQ-C, Simons et al., 2011) consists of 24 items, with each item rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = "strongly disagree" to 4 = "strongly agree").
The FOPQ-C contains two subscales: Fear of Pain (11 items) and Avoidance of Activities (13 items).
Total score is derived by summing subscale items, with higher scores indicating greater pain related fear (score range 0-44) and avoidance of activities (score range 0-52).
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Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Parental Fear of Pain (Aim 2)
Time Frame: Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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The Parent Fear of Pain Questionnaire (PFOPQ, Simons et al., 2015) assesses parent's fear associated with their child's pain experiences.
The PFOPQ contains 23 items assessed on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = "strongly disagree" to 4 "strongly agree").
Items are summed to create a total score (0-92), with higher scores indicated greater parent fear associated with their child's pain.
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Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Child Pain Catastrophizing (Aim 2)
Time Frame: Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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The Pain Catastrophizing Scale -Child Version (PCS-C, Crombez et al., 2003) assesses negative cognitions associated with pain.
The PCS-C is comprised of 13-items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0= "not at all true" to 4 "very true").
A total score (0-52) is obtained by summing all items.
Higher scores indicate higher levels of catastrophic thinking.
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Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Parent Pain Catastrophizing (Aim 2)
Time Frame: Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Pain Catastrophizing Scale-Parent Version (PCS-P, Goubert et al., 2006) assesses parents' negative cognitions associated with their child's pain.
It is comprised of 13 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = "not true at all" to 4 = "very true").
A total score (0-52) is derived by summing items, with higher scores indicating higher levels of catastrophic thinking.
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Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Child Pain Acceptance (Aim 2)
Time Frame: Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Child report on the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire for Adolescents-short form (CPAQ-A8, Gauntlett-Gilbert et al., 2018) will be used to assess pain acceptance in the child.
The CPAQ-A8 is an 8-item measure consisting of two subscales: Activity Engagement (4 items) and Pain Willingness (4 items).
Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (Never True) to 4 (Always True) and yield a total score for each subscale ranging from 0-16.
Higher scores indicate greater Activity Engagement and greater Pain Willingness .
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Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Parent Psychological Flexibility (Aim 2)
Time Frame: Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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The Parent Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire (PPFQ-10, Timmers et al., 2019) is a 10-item parent self-report questionnaire assessing a parent's ability to accept their own distress and respond adaptively and flexibly to their child's pain.
Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0= " never true" to 4 = "always true") and are summed to create a total score, ranging from 0 - 40.
Higher scores indicate greater parent psychological flexibility.
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Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Parent Responses to Childs Pain (Aim 2)
Time Frame: Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Adult Responses to Children's Symptoms (ARCS, Claar et al., 2010) assesses parents' behavioral responses to children's pain behaviors.
The Protect subscale (13 items) will be utilized in this study.
The Protect scale refers to protective parental behavior, such as giving the child special attention and limiting the child's normal activities and responsibilities.
All items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = "never" to 4 "always"), and are averaged to create a total score ranging from 0-4.
Hiigher scores indicating greater use of a particular type of response to their child's pain.
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Baseline through 3-month follow-up (up to 22 weeks)
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Lauren E Harrison, PhD, Stanford University
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Walker LS, Greene JW. The functional disability inventory: measuring a neglected dimension of child health status. J Pediatr Psychol. 1991 Feb;16(1):39-58. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/16.1.39.
- Crombez G, Bijttebier P, Eccleston C, Mascagni T, Mertens G, Goubert L, Verstraeten K. The child version of the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS-C): a preliminary validation. Pain. 2003 Aug;104(3):639-646. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00121-0.
- Vlaeyen JWS, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain. 2000 Apr;85(3):317-332. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00242-0.
- Groenewald CB, Essner BS, Wright D, Fesinmeyer MD, Palermo TM. The economic costs of chronic pain among a cohort of treatment-seeking adolescents in the United States. J Pain. 2014 Sep;15(9):925-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.06.002. Epub 2014 Jun 19.
- Huguet A, Miro J. The severity of chronic pediatric pain: an epidemiological study. J Pain. 2008 Mar;9(3):226-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.10.015. Epub 2007 Dec 21.
- King S, Chambers CT, Huguet A, MacNevin RC, McGrath PJ, Parker L, MacDonald AJ. The epidemiology of chronic pain in children and adolescents revisited: a systematic review. Pain. 2011 Dec;152(12):2729-2738. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.07.016.
- Goubert L, Eccleston C, Vervoort T, Jordan A, Crombez G. Parental catastrophizing about their child's pain. The parent version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-P): a preliminary validation. Pain. 2006 Aug;123(3):254-263. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.035. Epub 2006 Apr 27.
- Vlaeyen JWS, Crombez G, Linton SJ. The fear-avoidance model of pain. Pain. 2016 Aug;157(8):1588-1589. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000574. No abstract available.
- Wilson K, Bell C, Wilson L, Witteman H. Agile research to complement agile development: a proposal for an mHealth research lifecycle. NPJ Digit Med. 2018 Sep 13;1:46. doi: 10.1038/s41746-018-0053-1. eCollection 2018.
- Murray CB, Groenewald CB, de la Vega R, Palermo TM. Long-term impact of adolescent chronic pain on young adult educational, vocational, and social outcomes. Pain. 2020 Feb;161(2):439-445. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001732.
- Groenewald CB, Patel KV, Rabbitts JA, Palermo TM. Correlates and motivations of prescription opioid use among adolescents 12 to 17 years of age in the United States. Pain. 2020 Apr;161(4):742-748. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001775.
- Peng P, Stinson JN, Choiniere M, Dion D, Intrater H, Lefort S, Lynch M, Ong M, Rashiq S, Tkachuk G, Veillette Y; STOPPAIN Investigators Group. Dedicated multidisciplinary pain management centres for children in Canada: the current status. Can J Anaesth. 2007 Dec;54(12):985-91. doi: 10.1007/BF03016632.
- Eccleston C, Blyth FM, Dear BF, Fisher EA, Keefe FJ, Lynch ME, Palermo TM, Reid MC, Williams ACC. Managing patients with chronic pain during the COVID-19 outbreak: considerations for the rapid introduction of remotely supported (eHealth) pain management services. Pain. 2020 May;161(5):889-893. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001885. No abstract available.
- Vlaeyen JW, de Jong J, Geilen M, Heuts PH, van Breukelen G. The treatment of fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: further evidence on the effectiveness of exposure in vivo. Clin J Pain. 2002 Jul-Aug;18(4):251-61. doi: 10.1097/00002508-200207000-00006.
- Simons LE, Harrison LE, O'Brien SF, Heirich MS, Loecher N, Boothroyd DB, Vlaeyen JWS, Wicksell RK, Schofield D, Hood KK, Orendurff M, Chan S, Lyons S. Graded exposure treatment for adolescents with chronic pain (GET Living): Protocol for a randomized controlled trial enhanced with single case experimental design. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2019 Sep 10;16:100448. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100448. eCollection 2019 Dec.
- Simons LE, Sieberg CB, Carpino E, Logan D, Berde C. The Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FOPQ): assessment of pain-related fear among children and adolescents with chronic pain. J Pain. 2011 Jun;12(6):677-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.12.008. Epub 2011 Feb 26.
- Simons LE, Smith A, Kaczynski K, Basch M. Living in fear of your child's pain: the Parent Fear of Pain Questionnaire. Pain. 2015 Apr;156(4):694-702. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000100.
- Claar RL, Guite JW, Kaczynski KJ, Logan DE. Factor structure of the Adult Responses to Children's Symptoms: validation in children and adolescents with diverse chronic pain conditions. Clin J Pain. 2010 Jun;26(5):410-7. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181cf5706.
- Timmers I, Simons LE, Hernandez JM, McCracken LM, Wallace DP. Parent psychological flexibility in the context of pediatric pain: Brief assessment and associations with parent behaviour and child functioning. Eur J Pain. 2019 Aug;23(7):1340-1350. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1403. Epub 2019 May 14.
- Gauntlett-Gilbert J, Alamire B, Duggan GB. Pain Acceptance in Adolescents: Development of a Short Form of the CPAQ-A. J Pediatr Psychol. 2019 May 1;44(4):453-462. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsy090.
- Palermo T. Remote management of pediatric pain. Encyclopedia of Pain 2nd Edition New York: Springer 2013:3389-93
- Borkovec TD, & Nau, S. D. . Credibility of analogue therapy rationales. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychology 1972;3:257-60
- Simons LE, Vlaeyen JWS, Declercq L, Smith AM, Beebe J, Hogan M, Li E, Kronman CA, Mahmud F, Corey JR, Sieberg CB, Ploski C. Avoid or engage? Outcomes of graded exposure in youth with chronic pain using a sequential replicated single-case randomized design. Pain. 2020 Mar;161(3):520-531. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001735.
- McCracken LM, Klock PA, Mingay DJ, Asbury JK, Sinclair DM. Assessment of satisfaction with treatment for chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997 Nov;14(5):292-9. doi: 10.1016/s0885-3924(97)00225-x.
- Harrison LE, Webster SN, Van Orden AR, Choate E, Jehl N, Stinson J, Wicksell RK, Darnall BD, Simons LE. Agile development of a digital exposure treatment for youth with chronic musculoskeletal pain: protocol of a user-centred design approach and examination of feasibility and preliminary efficacy. BMJ Open. 2022 Sep 15;12(9):e065997. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065997. Erratum In: BMJ Open. 2022 Dec 8;12(12):e065997corr1.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Estimated)
Study Completion (Estimated)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- 53323
- 1K23AR079608-01 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
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