Acceptability of Self-Led Mindfulness-Based Intervention

Mindfulness and Diabetes Distress: Acceptability of Self-Led Mindfulness-Based Intervention

This study had two primary aims. First, the investigators examined the associations between mindfulness and diabetes-related outcomes. It was hypothesized that at baseline, increased mindfulness would be associated with decreased diabetes distress and more optimal glycemic levels and that all three variables would share similar associations with related constructs including greater self-compassion, lower general stress, better psychosocial health, increased diabetes treatment engagement, and greater diabetes-related quality of life. The association between specific aspects of dispositional mindfulness and diabetes distress was also explored. Second, the investigators examined the acceptability, feasibility, and potential utility of self-led MBSR intervention. It was hypothesized that participation in a self-led MBSR intervention would be feasible and acceptable, evidenced by treatment attrition and participant feedback. It was also hypothesized that participants who received the self-led Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention would experience increased mindfulness and decreased diabetes distress compared to a waitlist control group.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

Detailed Description

The goal of the present study was to assess the associations of dispositional mindfulness, diabetes distress, and glycemic outcomes for adolescents with type 1 diabetes as well as to use an iterative approach to developing a self-led scalable mindfulness-based intervention. A self-led mindfulness-based intervention may provide a mindfulness practice to help adolescents with type 1 diabetes improve glycemic outcomes through diabetes distress reduction while also being practical within a pediatric endocrinology clinic. A self-led intervention may also reduce the burden associated with mindfulness-based interventions. This is important considering the heightened emotional and time burden adolescents may already experience due to disease management and the intensity of a traditional mindfulness-based intervention.

This study had two primary aims. First, the investigators examined the associations between mindfulness and diabetes-related outcomes. It was hypothesized that at baseline, increased mindfulness would be associated with decreased diabetes distress and more optimal glycemic levels and that all three variables would share similar associations with related constructs including greater self-compassion, lower general stress, better psychosocial health, increased diabetes treatment engagement, and greater diabetes-related quality of life. The association between specific aspects of dispositional mindfulness and diabetes distress was also explored. Second, the investigators examined the acceptability, feasibility, and potential utility of self-led MBSR intervention. It was hypothesized that participation in a self-led MBSR intervention would be feasible and acceptable, evidenced by treatment attrition and participant feedback. It was also hypothesized that participants who received the self-led MBSR intervention would experience increased mindfulness and decreased diabetes distress compared to a waitlist control group.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 29
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Nevada
    • Reno, Nevada, United States, 89557
      • University of Nevada, Reno

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 13 years to 19 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged 13-19 years old
• Type 1 diabetes diagnosis
• Currently attending school or a recent high school graduate

Exclusion Criteria:

• Ward of the state
• Severe psychiatric disturbances (e.g., active psychosis)
• Severe developmental delay that hindered ability to self-report

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Intervention immediately; The intervention was delivered via a teen MBSR workbook and online communication across the 10-week intervention period. Participants were assigned weekly readings and activities from an MBSR workbook for teens. Topics included understanding stress, introduction to mindfulness, mindful eating and other mindfulness-based intervention principles and were recommended to be completed daily. Mindfulness-based exercises were either self-led per instructions provided in the workbook or to be completed using an audio recording directing participants' behaviors during the exercise.	Behavioral: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction; Participants engaged in meditation and self-led exercises to help them understand and cope with stress.
Experimental: Intervention in ten weeks following waitlist; This group received the same intervention as the first arm, however, the participants in arm 2 received the intervention after a 10-week waitlist period. The intervention was delivered via a teen MBSR workbook and online communication across the 10-week intervention period. Participants were assigned weekly readings and activities from an MBSR workbook for teens. Topics included understanding stress, introduction to mindfulness, mindful eating and other mindfulness-based intervention principles and were recommended to be completed daily. Mindfulness-based exercises were either self-led per instructions provided in the workbook or to be completed using an audio recording directing participants' behaviors during the exercise.	Behavioral: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction; Participants engaged in meditation and self-led exercises to help them understand and cope with stress.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change from Baseline in Mindfulness as Assessed by Mindful Attention Awareness Scale-Adolescent (MAAS-A)	Assessed difference in dispositional mindfulness in adolescents from pre-intervention to post-intervention. The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale-Adolescent has a single-factor structure with 14 items rated on a 6-point scale (1 = almost always, 6 = almost never). Higher scores indicate higher trait mindfulness.	10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist
Change from Baseline in Engagement in Self-Compassionate Behavior as Assessed by Self-Compassion Scale (SCS)	Participants rated how often they engage in each self-compassionate behavior in specific situations pre- and post-intervention. The Self-Compassion Scale is a 26-item measure rated on a 5-point scale (1 = almost never, 5 = almost always). Higher scores indicate higher self-compassion.	10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist
Change from Baseline in Diabetes Stress as Assessed by Diabetes Stress Questionnaire (DSQ)	Assessed different daily, diabetes-specific stressors from pre-intervention to post-intervention. The Diabetes Stress Questionnaire consists of 65 items and includes eight subscales. Participants rate severity of stress across several diabetes-related scenarios on a 4-point scale (0 = not at all, 3 = very much). Higher scores indicate higher diabetes distress.	10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist
Change from Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life as Assessed by Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 3.2 Diabetes Module	Assessed diabetes-specific, health-related quality of life in children, adolescents, and young adults from pre-intervention to post-intervention. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.2 Diabetes Module consists of 33 items rated on a 5-point scale (0 = never, 4 = almost always). Higher scores indicate greater quality of life.	10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist
Change from Baseline in Perceived Stress as Assessed by Perceived Stress Scale-10 Item Version (PSS-10)	Assessed the severity of broad, stressful situations in adolescents from pre-intervention to post-intervention. Participants rank how often each statement applies to their feelings of stress on a 5-point scale (0 = never, 4 = very often). Negative items are reversed and the sum of all 10 items is calculated. Higher scores indicate higher perceived stress.	10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist
Change from Baseline in Psychosocial Impairment as Assessed by Pediatric Symptoms Checklist-17 (PSC-17)	Assessed psychosocial functioning from pre-intervention to post-intervention. Participants rate how frequently each symptom occurs on a 3-point scale (0 = never, 2 = often). Total scores range from 0-34 with higher scores indicating greater risk of psychosocial impairment.	10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist
Change from Baseline in Diabetes Treatment Engagement as Assessed by Self Care Inventory (SCI)	Assessed to what degree individuals follow health care provider guidelines for diabetes-management behaviors from pre-intervention to post-intervention. The investigators removed the item "how frequently do you come in for appointments" from the study as the measure was not used within a physician/ appointment context. After removing the item, the Self Care Inventory consisted of 22 items and is rated on a 5-point scale (1 = never, 5 = always). Higher scores indicate higher diabetes treatment engagement.	10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist
Change from Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin Percentage	Assessed the difference in glycosylated hemoglobin percentage from pre-intervention to post-intervention.	10 weeks intervention, 20 weeks waitlist
Engagement with the Scaled Mindfulness-Based Intervention as Assessed by Number of Weekly Surveys Completed.	Assessed the number of weekly surveys each participant completed during the intervention period. Participants were asked to complete at least 6 out of the 10 weekly surveys during the intervention period to be considered highly engaged.	20 weeks
Feasibility of the Scaled Mindfulness-Based Intervention as Assessed by Participant Feedback	Assessed the acceptability and feasibility of a mindfulness-based intervention for teens with type 1 diabetes by examining participant feedback on reasons for attrition and low engagement. Weekly feedback surveys asked about barriers to engaging in the weekly material.	20 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Nevada, Reno
• Collaborators: AlterMed Research foundation
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Holly Hazlett-Stevens, Ph.D., University of Nevada, Reno; Principal Investigator: Amy Hughes Lansing, Ph.D., University of Nevada, Reno

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983 Dec;24(4):385-96. No abstract available.
• Brown KW, West AM, Loverich TM, Biegel GM. Assessing adolescent mindfulness: validation of an adapted Mindful Attention Awareness Scale in adolescent normative and psychiatric populations. Psychol Assess. 2011 Dec;23(4):1023-33. doi: 10.1037/a0021338. Epub 2011 Feb 14.
• Shubrook JH, Brannan GD, Wapner A, Klein G, Schwartz FL. Time Needed for Diabetes Self-Care: Nationwide Survey of Certified Diabetes Educators. Diabetes Spectr. 2018 Aug;31(3):267-271. doi: 10.2337/ds17-0077.
• Neff KD, Bluth K, Toth-Kiraly I, Davidson O, Knox MC, Williamson Z, Costigan A. Development and Validation of the Self-Compassion Scale for Youth. J Pers Assess. 2021 Jan-Feb;103(1):92-105. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1729774. Epub 2020 Mar 3.
• Delamater AM, Patino-Fernandez AM, Smith KE, Bubb J. Measurement of diabetes stress in older children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2013 Feb;14(1):50-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00894.x. Epub 2012 Aug 23.
• Varni JW, Delamater AM, Hood KK, Raymond JK, Chang NT, Driscoll KA, Wong JC, Yi-Frazier JP, Grishman EK, Faith MA, Corathers SD, Kichler JC, Miller JL, Doskey EM, Heffer RW, Wilson DP; Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.2 Diabetes Module Testing Study Consortium. PedsQL 3.2 Diabetes Module for Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Reliability and Validity in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018 Oct;41(10):2064-2071. doi: 10.2337/dc17-2707. Epub 2018 Jul 30.
• Gardner, W., Murphy, M., Childs, G., Kelleher, K., Pagano, M., Jellinek, M., ... & Chiappetta, L. (1999). The PSC-17: A brief pediatric symptom checklist with psychosocial problem subscales. A report from PROS and ASPN. Ambulatory Child Health, 5, 225-225.
• La Greca, A., Swales, T., Klemp, S., & Madigan, S. (1988). Self-care behaviors among adolescents with diabetes. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Sessions of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): July 14, 2019
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 17, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): July 17, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 11, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 29, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): November 10, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 1, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 31, 2024
• Last Verified: July 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: mindfulness; adolescents; psychosocial intervention; diabetes distress
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
• Other Study ID Numbers: 1221205

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: Overall analyses and scales can be shared as described in participant consent, however, individual participant data will not be shared.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No