Combined Effects of Variety and Portion Size on Meal Intake of Women

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of meal variety and portion size on food intake at a meal. The study will also investigate relationships with eating microstructure such as eating rate and bite size. Additionally, other individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the effects of variety and portion size on meal intake.

Study Overview

• Status: Withdrawn
• Conditions: Eating Behavior
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Large Portion; Other: Sequential Variety; Other: Small portion; Other: Simultaneous Variety; Other: Single Food

• Study Type: Interventional
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Pennsylvania
    • University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802
      • Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behavior, The Pennsylvania State University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 20 years to 65 years (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Be willing and able to travel to Penn State University Park campus weekly for meals
• Be fully vaccinated against COVID-19
• Be a woman 20 - 65 years old
• Regularly eat 3 meals/day
• Be willing to refrain from drinking alcohol the day before and during test days
• Have a body mass index between 18.0 and 35.0 kg/m*m
• Be willing to refrain from eating after 10 pm the evening before test sessions
• Be willing to participate in all study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

• Must not be a smoker
• Must not be an athlete in training
• Must not be pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of screening
• Must not have taken prescription or non-prescription drugs that may affect appetite or food intake within the last 3 months
• Must not dislike or be unable to eat the test foods (because of allergies, intolerance, or dietary restrictions)
• Must not have a high variability in liking of the test foods
• Must not be currently dieting to gain or lose weight
• Must not have a health condition that affects appetite
• Must not have participated in a similar study in our lab in the past year
• Must not be a student, faculty, or staff member in nutritional sciences or psychology

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: BASIC_SCIENCE
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: CROSSOVER
• Masking: SINGLE

Number of Arms

6

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: Sequential Variety, Small Portion; 3 courses each consisting of a different food served in a small portion.	Other: Sequential Variety; 3 courses each consisting of a different food; Other: Small portion; Small meal portion size
EXPERIMENTAL: Sequential Variety, Large Portion; 3 courses each consisting of a different food served in a large portion.	Other: Large Portion; Large meal portion size; Other: Sequential Variety; 3 courses each consisting of a different food
EXPERIMENTAL: Simultaneous Variety, Small Portion; 3 courses each consisting of 3 foods served in small portions.	Other: Small portion; Small meal portion size; Other: Simultaneous Variety; 3 courses each consisting of 3 foods
EXPERIMENTAL: Simultaneous Variety, Large Portion; 3 courses each consisting of 3 foods served in large portions.	Other: Large Portion; Large meal portion size; Other: Simultaneous Variety; 3 courses each consisting of 3 foods
EXPERIMENTAL: Single Food, Small Portion; 3 courses each consisting of the same food served in a small portion.	Other: Small portion; Small meal portion size; Other: Single Food; 3 courses each consisting of the same food
EXPERIMENTAL: Single Food, Large Portion; 3 courses each consisting of the same food served in a large portion.	Other: Large Portion; Large meal portion size; Other: Single Food; 3 courses each consisting of the same food

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in intake by weight	Weight (grams) of all meal components consumed	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in energy intake	Energy intake (kilocalories) of all meal components consumed, calculated from weight and energy density	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in bite count	The number of bites of food during the meal	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in meal duration	Duration of the meal in minutes	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in mean eating rate	Mean food intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal food intake by meal duration	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in mean bite size	Mean food intake per bite (grams/bite), calculated by dividing meal food intake by bite count	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in sip count	The number of sips of water during the meal	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in mean drinking rate	Mean water intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal water intake by meal duration	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in mean sip size	Mean water intake per sip (grams/sip), calculated by dividing meal water intake by sip count	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in switching between bites and sips	The number of switches between bites and sips during the meal	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of pleasantness of the taste of food samples	Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety	From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in switching between different foods	The number of switches between different foods	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of prospective consumption of food samples	Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from none at all (0 mm) to a very large amount (100 mm), in answer to "How much of [this food] do you want to eat right now?". This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety	Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of hunger	Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm)	Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of thirst	Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm)	Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of nausea	Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm)	Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Change in rating of fullness	Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm)	Time Frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Penn State University
• Collaborators: Jenny Craig, Inc.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ANTICIPATED): February 20, 2022
• Primary Completion (ANTICIPATED): January 20, 2023
• Study Completion (ANTICIPATED): January 27, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 15, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 15, 2021
• First Posted (ACTUAL): January 4, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): March 4, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 17, 2022
• Last Verified: February 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: FoodVariety102

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No