A NIS Evaluating Various Injectable and Oral Treatments in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (AIOLOS)

A Non-interventional Study Evaluating Injectable Treatments (Ofatumumab, Glatiramer Acetate and Interferon β1) and Oral Treatments (Teriflunomide, Dimethyl Fumarate and Diroximel Fumarate) in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [AIOLOS]

This is an observational, non-interventional, multicenter, open-label study in patients being treated with any approved injectable or selected oral DMT for RMS in Germany.

Prospective, primary data will be collected via questionnaires and an electronic case report form (eCRF) over a period of up to four years. Additionally, medical history of participants will be collected including disease duration, laboratory values, EDSS, MRI parameters and relapses.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: ofatumumab; Other: glatiramer acetate; Other: interferon β1; Other: teriflunomide; Other: dimethyl fumarate (DMF); Other: diroximel fumarate (DRF)

Detailed Description

The prerequisite for participation in this observational study is the independent decision of the treating physician and patient to start an approved injectable or oral DMT for RMS as routine medical treatment. This decision must have been made prior to enrollment in this study.

Cohort 1: The prospective observational period per patient in the core part will be up to approx. two years from the time of consent (2 years +2 months visit window). If a patient re-consents to the extension part, then the prospective extension observational period will be additional approx. two years, resulting in a total observational period (prospectively for the core and extension part & retrospectively for the potential gap between core and extension part) of approx. 4 years (+ 2 month visit window).

Cohort 2: The prospective observational period per patient will be up to approx. two years from the time of consent (2 years + 2 months visit window).

The observational period will not be dictated by the protocol. The follow-up documentation will take place at a frequency defined as per investigator's discretion. The diagnostic or monitoring procedures are only those ordinarily applied to the therapeutic strategy and to routine clinical care, can be performed as telemedicine visits and will take place as per investigator's discretion.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Estimated): 800

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Novartis Pharmaceuticals; Phone Number: +41613241111; Email: novartis.email@novartis.com
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Novartis Pharmaceuticals

Study Locations

• Germany
  • Altenholz, Germany, 24161
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Alzey, Germany, 55232
    • Withdrawn
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Bamberg, Germany, 96047
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Bayreuth, Germany, 95445
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Bergneustadt, Germany, 51702
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Bergneustadt, Germany, 51702
    • Withdrawn
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Berlin, Germany, 12163
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Berlin, Germany, 12099
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Berlin, Germany, 10437
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Berlin, Germany, 10713
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Berlin, Germany, 12099
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Berlin, Germany, 12099
    • Completed
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Berlin, Germany, 12351
    • Completed
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Berlin, Germany, 13357
    • Withdrawn
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Berlin, Germany, 14169
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Bochum, Germany, 44791
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Bochum, Germany, 44787
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Bonn, Germany, 53111
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Braunschweig, Germany, 38100
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Bremen, Germany, 28195
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Böblingen, Germany, 71032
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Chemnitz, Germany, 09117
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Coburg, Germany, 96450
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Crailsheim, Germany, 74564
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Dessau, Germany, 06846
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Dresden, Germany, 01067
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Dresden, Germany, 01097
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Duisburg, Germany, 47138
    • Withdrawn
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Düsseldorf, Germany, 40211
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Düsseldorf, Germany, 40625
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Düsseldorf, Germany, 40211
    • Completed
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Eisleben Lutherstadt, Germany, 06295
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Eltville, Germany, 65343
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Erbach im Odenwald, Germany, 64711
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Erfurt, Germany, 99099
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Erfurt, Germany, 99096
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Erlangen, Germany, 91054
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Essen, Germany, 45257
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Essen, Germany, 45138
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Fulda, Germany, 36037
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Fulda, Germany, 36037
    • Completed
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Giessen, Germany, 35392
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Gladenbach, Germany, 35075
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Hagen, Germany, 58095
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Hamburg, Germany, 20249
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Hamburg, Germany, 22179
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Hanover, Germany, 30625
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Höxter, Germany, 37671
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Itzehoe, Germany, 25524
    • Withdrawn
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Kaiserslautern, Germany, 67655
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Karlsruhe, Germany, 76133
    • Withdrawn
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Lünen, Germany, 44534
    • Withdrawn
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Magdeburg, Germany, 39104
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Marburg, Germany, 35037
    • Completed
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Mettmann, Germany, 40822
    • Completed
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Minden, Germany, 32429
    • Completed
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Montabaur, Germany, 56410
    • Completed
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Mülheim, Germany, 45468
    • Withdrawn
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • München, Germany, 80939
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • München, Germany, 81675
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Münster, Germany, 48149
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Neuruppin, Germany, 16816
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Nuremberg, Germany, 90491
    • Withdrawn
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Osnabrück, Germany, 49074
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Pforzheim, Germany, 75172
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Potsdam, Germany, 14471
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Remscheid, Germany, 42853
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Rostock, Germany, 18057
    • Completed
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Rüdersdorf, Germany, 15562
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Rülzheim, Germany, 76761
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Salzatal, Germany, 06198
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Schneverdingen, Germany, 29640
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Siegen, Germany, 57076
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Siegen, Germany, 57076
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Stadtroda, Germany, 07646
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Stuttgart, Germany, 70176
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Stuttgart, Germany, 70174
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Stuttgart, Germany, 70182
    • Completed
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Tirschenreuth, Germany, 95643
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Trier, Germany, 54292
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Tübingen, Germany, 72076
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Velbert, Germany, 42551
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Weil der Stadt, Germany, 71263
    • Recruiting
    • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Baden-Wurttemberg
    • Albstadt, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, 72458
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Hettingen, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, 72513
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Hettingen, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, 72513
      • Completed
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Mannheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, 68163
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Nagold, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, 72202
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Schwetzingen, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, 68723
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, 74523
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Bavaria
    • Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany, 96052
      • Active, not recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Dillingen an der Donau, Bavaria, Germany, 89407
      • Active, not recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Munich, Bavaria, Germany, 81241
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Munich, Bavaria, Germany, 81829
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Neuburg A.d. Donau, Bavaria, Germany, 86633
      • Active, not recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany, 93059
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Unterhaching, Bavaria, Germany, 82008
      • Active, not recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Untermeitingen, Bavaria, Germany, 86836
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Wolfratshausen, Bavaria, Germany, 82515
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Brandenburg
    • Falkensee, Brandenburg, Germany, 14612
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Hesse
    • Bad Homburg, Hesse, Germany, 61348
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany, 65929
      • Active, not recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany, 60313
      • Completed
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Marburg, Hesse, Germany, 35043
      • Active, not recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Lower Saxony
    • Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany, 30161
      • Active, not recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany, 30449
      • Active, not recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Wildeshausen, Lower Saxony, Germany, 27793
      • Active, not recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 50935
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 51063
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 44135
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 44287
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 40225
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 45134
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Gelsenkirchen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 45894
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Meerbusch, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 40667
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 48165
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Oer-Erkenschwick, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 45739
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Ingelheim, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, 55218
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Saarland
    • Saarlouis, Saarland, Germany, 66740
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Saxony
    • Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany, 09117
      • Active, not recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Dresden, Saxony, Germany, 01307
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Leipzig, Saxony, Germany, 04103
      • Completed
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Leipzig, Saxony, Germany, 04315
      • Active, not recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Saxony-Anhalt
    • Altmark, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, 39629
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, 06120
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
  • Thuringia
    • Altenburg, Thuringia, Germany, 04600
      • Completed
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Altenburg, Thuringia, Germany, 04600
      • Withdrawn
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Jena, Thuringia, Germany, 07740
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site
    • Mühlhausen, Thuringia, Germany, 99974
      • Recruiting
      • Novartis Investigative Site

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 100 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

patients with planned initiation or initiation within the past 14 days with an approved injectable or oral DMT for MS as routine medical treatment

Description

Cohort 1 Inclusion Criteria:

1. Signed informed consent must be obtained prior to participation in the study
2. Male or female patients aged ≥18 years at enrollment
3. Diagnosis of MS according to the 2017 revised McDonald criteria (Thompson et al 2018b)
4. RMS with active disease as defined by Lublin et al. (2014)
5. Max. 1 relapse during the previous year and max. 2 relapses during the previous two years prior to enrollment
6. Disability status at enrollment with an EDSS score of 0 to 2.5 (inclusive)
7. Planned initiation or initiation within the past 14 days with an approved injectable DMT for MS as routine medical treatment

Cohort 2 Inclusion Criteria:

1. Signed informed consent must be obtained prior to participation,
2. Male or female patients aged ≥18 years at enrollment,
3. Diagnosis of MS according to the 2024 revised McDonald criteria (Montalban et al., 2025),
4. RMS with active disease as defined by Lublin et al. (2014) ,
5. Max. 1 relapse during the previous year and max. 2 relapses during the previous two years prior to enrollment,
6. Disability status at enrollment with an EDSS score of 0 to 3.0 (inclusive),

7. Planned initiation or initiation within the past 14 days with an approved injectable or oral DMT for MS as routine medical treatment:

   • Ofatumumab: only naïve patients or patients previously treated with max. one DMT other than ofatumumab
   • IFN-β1, GA, teriflunomide, DMF or DRF: only naïve patients

Cohort 1 Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients being treated outside of the approved label
2. > 5 years since first symptom(s) (leading to MS diagnosis) at enrollment
3. Previous therapy with any DMT for the treatment of MS prior to enrollment (except within the past 14 days with an approved injectable DMT for MS as routine medical treatment; see Inclusion criteria #7)
4. Relapse prior to enrollment which has led to a severe deficit relevant to everyday life upon discretion of the investigator after exhaustion of the relapse therapy
5. Poor recovery from the first two relapses prior to enrollment upon discretion of the investigator
6. EDSS Functional System Score "Pyramidal Functions" ≥ 2 at enrollment
7. Simultaneous participation in any investigational trial or simultaneous participation in another Novartis-sponsored non-interventional study with Ofatumumab

Cohort 2 Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients being treated outside of the approved label,
2. >5 years since first symptom(s) (leading to MS diagnosis) at enrollment,
3. Simultaneous participation in any investigational trial or simultaneous participation in another Novartis-sponsored non-interventional study with Ofatumumab,
4. Patients being previously enrolled in cohort 1 are not eligible to be enrolled into cohort 2

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Cohort
• Time Perspectives: Prospective

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Ofatumumab; Patients treated with ofatumumab	Other: ofatumumab; There is no treatment allocation. Patients administered ofatumumab by prescription that have started as routine medical treatment will be enrolled.
Standard of Care (SoC); Patients treated with either interferon β1 (IFN-β1), glatiramer acetate (GA), teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) or diroximel fumarate (DRF)	Other: glatiramer acetate; There is no treatment allocation. Patients administered glatiramer acetate by prescription that have started as routine medical treatment will be enrolled.; Other: interferon β1; There is no treatment allocation. Patients administered interferon β1 by prescription that have started as routine medical treatment will be enrolled.; Other: teriflunomide; There is no treatment allocation. Patients administered teriflunomide by prescription that have started as routine medical treatment will be enrolled.; Other: dimethyl fumarate (DMF); There is no treatment allocation. Patients administered dimethyl fumarate (DMF) by prescription that have started as routine medical treatment will be enrolled.; Other: diroximel fumarate (DRF); There is no treatment allocation. Patients administered diroximel fumarate (DRF) by prescription that have started as routine medical treatment will be enrolled.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Proportion of patients who continue to receive their baseline treatment	Proportion of patients who continue to receive their baseline treatment [ofatumumab or other approved disease modifying therapies (IFN-β1, GA, teriflunomide, DMF or DRF)]	Month 24

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Impact of first-line treatment on health economy	Mean annual health care resource utilization cost, annual direct medical costs, annual direct nonmedical costs and annual indirect costs as measured by MS Health Resource Utilization Survey [MS-HRS] MS-HRS is a 24-item questionnaire covers societal resource use, regardless of the issue of reimbursement, as well as impact of the disease on work, family and leisure. With the help of this questionnaire a monetary value can be assigned to e.g. the stage of MS, a relapse or a therapy.	Baseline, month 6, month 12, month 18 and month 24
Fatigue Symptoms and Impact Questionnaire-RMS	Fatigue Symptoms and Impact Questionnaire-RMS [FSIQ-RMS] The FSIQ-RMS comprises 20 items organized in a conceptual framework with 2 symptom domains (energy, muscle weakness) and 7 impact domains (daily activities, cognition, emotions, physical impact, self-care, sleep, social impact) in order to measure fatigue symptoms and impacts in relapsing multiple sclerosis. A scoring algorithm standardizes scores on both the symptoms domain (daily and weekly) and impacts subdomains (weekly) to a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms and impacts. There is no single summary score across the FSIQ-RMS instrument, but rather 1 symptoms score and 3 impacts subdomain scores.	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 12, month 18, month 24
Patient Health Questionnaire 8 [PHQ-8]	The PHQ-8 is a valid diagnostic and severity measure for depressive disorders. It consists of eight items, each of which is scored 0 to 3, providing a 0 to 24 severity score. Scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represent cutpoints for mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe depression, respectively.	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 12, month 18, month 24
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 7 [GAD-7]	The GAD-7 is a validated 7-item anxiety scale to diagnose generalized anxiety disorder. Each of the items is scored 0 to 3, providing a 0 to 21 severity score. Scores of 5, 10, and 15 represent cutpoints for mild, moderate, and severe anxiety, respectively	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 12, month 18, month 24
MS Treatment Concerns Questionnaire [MSTCQ]	MS Treatment Concerns Questionnaire [MSTCQ] is used to assess participants' satisfaction with their treatment injections. The MSTCQ includes 20 items pertaining satisfaction with the injection system (including issues related to use of the device and preparation of the medication for injection), and AEs related to the patient MS treatment. All questions have a 5-point response choice, with the responses scored between 1-5. The MSTCQ scores are formed as the sum of all scores. The maximum total score is 100. Lower scores indicate a better state.	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 12, month 18, month 24
Expanded disability status scale (EDSS)	EDSS is a widely used and accepted instrument to evaluate disability status at a given time and, longitudinally, to assess accumulation of disability in clinical studies in MS. The EDSS scale consists of scores in each of seven functional systems (FSs) and an ambulation score that are then combined to determine the EDSS steps (ranging from 0 (normal) to 10 (death due to MS)). The FSs are Visual, Brain Stem, Pyramidal, Cerebellar, Sensory, Bowel & Bladder, and Cerebral functions (Fatigue contributes)	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 9, month 12, month 15, month 18, month 21, month 24
Time to onset of confirmed disability improvement (CDI)	Time to onset of confirmed disability improvement (CDI) defined as a decrease from baseline in EDSS sustained for at least 3 and 6 months	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 9, month 12, month 15, month 18, month 21, month 24
Proportion of patients with CDI	Proportion of patients with CDI defined as a decrease from baseline in EDSS sustained for at least 3 and 6 months	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 9, month 12, month 15, month 18, month 21, month 24
Proportion of patients with no evidence of disease activity (NEDA3) upon discretion of the investigator.	Proportion of patients with no evidence of disease activity (NEDA3) upon discretion of the investigator. NEDA3 is defined as no 3mCDP, no confirmed MS relapse and no new or enlarging T2 lesions on any MRI scan compared to baseline	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 9, month 12, month 15, month 18, month 21, month 24
Proportion of patients with no clinical disease activity and no discontinuation of current treatment due to AEs	Proportion of patients with no clinical disease activity measured by relapse and disease progression and no discontinuation of current treatment due to AEs (excluding pregnancies) and lack of effectiveness	Up to 24 months
Annualized relapse rate	Annualized relapse rate, defined as the number of confirmed Multiple Sclerosis relapses in a year. Relapse defined as an appearance of a new neurological abnormality or worsening of previously stable or improving pre-existing neurological abnormality, separated by at least 30 days from onset of a preceding clinical demyelinating event. The abnormality must have been present for at least 24 hours and occurred in the absence of fever (< 37.5°C) or a known infection.	Up to 24 months
Time to first relapse	Relapse defined as an appearance of a new neurological abnormality or worsening of previously stable or improving pre-existing neurological abnormality, separated by at least 30 days from onset of a preceding clinical demyelinating event. The abnormality must have been present for at least 24 hours and occurred in the absence of fever (< 37.5°C) or a known infection.	Up to 24 months
Proportion of relapse free patients	Relapse defined as an appearance of a new neurological abnormality or worsening of previously stable or improving pre-existing neurological abnormality, separated by at least 30 days from onset of a preceding clinical demyelinating event. The abnormality must have been present for at least 24 hours and occurred in the absence of fever (< 37.5°C) or a known infection.	Up to 24 months
Number of patients and reasons for discontinuation of treatment	Number of patients and reasons for discontinuation of treatment classified by category: efficacy (e.g. occurrence of relapse, evidence of disease activity in MRI); safety and tolerability (e.g. injection-site reactions, influenza-like symptoms); or convenience (e.g. inconvenient administration, frequency of injections)	Up to 24 months
Reasons for and number of treatment interruptions per patient	Reasons for and number of treatment interruptions per patient to be collected	Up to 24 months
Duration of treatment interruptions per patient	Duration of treatment interruptions per patient to be collected	Up to 24 months
Number of patients with treatment interruptions	Number of patients with treatment interruptions to be collected	Up to 24 months
Persistence of drug-related adverse events (AEs)	Persistence of drug-related adverse events (AEs) including those of special interest (main focus on injection site reactions such as scarring, skin reactions, influenza-like symptoms)	Up to 24 months
Specific safety assessment of injection related AEs	Specific safety assessment of injection related AEs. (i.e. injection site reaction AEs vs. injection systemic reaction AEs) summarized by providing the number and percentage of patients with each of the symptoms and pre-specified grouping of symptoms as well as overall.	Up to 24 months
Proportion of participants discontinuing treatment due to insufficient effectiveness (lack of efficacy) or tolerability/safety reasons	Proportion of participants discontinuing treatment due to insufficient effectiveness (lack of efficacy) or tolerability/safety reasons	Up to 24 months
T1 Gd-enhancing lesions per brain	T1 Gd-enhancing lesions per brain to be measured	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 9, month 12, month 15, month 18, month 21, month 24
Annualized T2 lesion rate	New or enlarging T2 lesions per brain and per year (annualized T2 lesion rate)	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 9, month 12, month 15, month 18, month 21, month 24
Proportion of drug-related adverse events (AEs)	Proportion of drug-related adverse events (AEs) including those of special interest (main focus on injection site reactions such as scarring, skin reactions)	Up to 24 months
Presence of spinal cord lesions	Proportion of patients with spinal cord lesions present	Baseline, month 3,month 6, month 9, month 12, month 15, month 18, month 21, month24
Proportion of patients who continue to receive their baseline treatment	Proportion of patients who continue to receive their baseline treatment [ofatumumab or other approved disease modifying therapies (IFN-β1, GA, teriflunomide, DMF or DRF)]	Month 12
Time to event analysis for retention time on baseline treatment	Time-to-event analysis for retention time on baseline treatment [ofatumumab or other approved disease modifying therapies (IFN-β1, GA, teriflunomide, DMF or DRF)]	From Baseline to event, up to 24 months
Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale 29 v2	In this non-interventional study only the nine psychological items will be used to allow conclusions regarding the mental health status of patients with mildly active multiple sclerosis. In its version 2, each item of the MSIS-29 provides four response alternatives, which are rated as 1 to 4. Accordingly, the psychological scale will be described by a raw score between 9 and 36, which will be transformed into a final score between 0 (no impact) and 100 (extreme impact).	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 9, month 12, month 15, month 18, month 21 and month 24
Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders [NeuroQoL]	n this non-interventional study the following items will be used: Anxiety, Depression, Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities, Positive Affect and Well-Being & Sleep Disturbance. Each response option is assigned a value (e.g.,1=Not at all) and total summed raw score for each respondent are calculated. The total raw score is then translated into a T-score for each participant by using conversion tables. These Tscore are standardized scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 9, month 12, month 15, month 18, month 21 and month 24
Time to onset of confirmed disability worsening (CDW)	Time to onset of confirmed disability worsening (CDW) defined as an increase from baseline in EDSS sustained for at least 3 and 6 months, respectively	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 9, month 12, month 15, month 18, month 21, month 24
Proportion of patients with confirmed disability worsening (CDW)	Proportion of patients with confirmed disability worsening (CDW) defined as an increase from baseline in EDSS sustained for at least 3 and 6 months, respectively	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 9, month 12, month 15, month 18, month 21, month 24
Serum NfL levels	sNfL levels	Baseline, month 6, month 12, month 18 and month 24
Proportion of patients with low or elevated sNfL levels	Proportion of patients with low or elevated sNfL levels	Baseline, month 6, month 12, month 18 and month 24
Association of selected effectiveness and PRO outcomes with sNfL levels	Association of higher or lower sNfL concentrations with differences in e.g. disease activity, functional status, quality of life, and other PRO-based measures	Baseline, month 6, month 12, month 18 and month 24
Reasons for treatment decisions	Number of participants by reasons for treatment decisions	Up to 24 months
Proportion of patients who continue to receive their subsequent treatment	Proportion of patients who, at a given time over the observational period, continue to receive their subsequent treatment	Up to 24 months
Proportion of sites that share the standardized MRI report form with their radiological colleagues	Proportion of sites that share the standardized MRI report form with their radiological colleagues	Baseline, month 6, month 12, month 18 and month 24
Proportion of standardized MRI report forms and conventional radiologists' reports	Proportion of standardized MRI report forms and conventional radiologists' reports	Baseline, month 6, month 12, month 18 and month 24
Effect of standardized MRI report form on completeness of lesion documentation	Proportion of complete MRI lesion documentation using the standardized MRI form versus non-standardized documentation.	Baseline, month 6, month 12,1 month 8 and month 24
Physician's view on added value of standardized MRI report form over conventional radiologists' reports	Proportion of physicians who rate the added value of the standardized MRI report form higher than that of conventional radiologists' reports	Baseline, month 6, month 12, month 18 and month 24
Proportion of patients and physicians that intend to view and use PRO and sNfL results to support patient-physician dialogue	Proportion of patients and physicians that intend to view and use PRO and sNfL results to support patient-physician dialogue	Month 6,month 12, month 18 and month 24
Proportion of patients that access their PRO and sNfL result visualizations at least once every 6 months	Proportion of patients that access their PRO and sNfL result visualizations at least once every 6 months	Month 6,month 12, month 18 and month 24
Perceived value of PRO and sNfL result visualizations from the perspective of both patient and treating physician on patient-physician dialogue and shared decision making	Proportion of patients and physicians who perceive an added value of PRO and sNfL result visualizations on patient-physician dialogue and shared decision making	Month 6,month 12, month 18 and month 24
Age of male and female participants	Age	Baseline
Number of previous MS relapses of male and female participants	Number of MS relapses in the 24 months prior baseline	Baseline
Serum NfL levels of male and female patients	sNfL levels	Baseline, month 6, month 12, month 18 and month 24
Proportion of male and female patients who continue to receive their baseline treatment	Proportion of male and female patients who continue to receive their baseline treatment [ofatumumab or other approved disease modifying therapies (IFN-β1, GA, teriflunomide, DMF or DRF)]	Month 12, Month 24
Annualized relapse rate of male and female patients	Annualized relapse rate, defined as the number of confirmed Multiple Sclerosis relapses in a year of male and female participants	Up to 24 months
Reasons for treatment decisions of male and female patients	Number of male and female participants by reasons for treatment decisions	Up to 24 months
Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders [NeuroQoL] of male and female patients	T-scores of male and female patients.; Anxiety: Score range from 36.4 to 76.8; Depression: Score range from 36.9 to 75.0; Sleep Disturbance: Score range from 32.0 to 84.2; Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities: Score range from 24.1 to 60.2; Positive Affect and Well-Being: Score range from 26.3 to 68.0 For positive domains (e.g. Well-Being): higher score = better QoL. For symptom domains (e.g. Anxiety): higher scores = worse symptoms	Baseline, month 3, month 6, month 9, month 12, month15, month 18, month 21 and month 24

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Novartis Pharmaceuticals
• Investigators: Study Director: Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Novartis Pharmaceuticals

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): May 10, 2022
• Primary Completion (Estimated): May 30, 2029
• Study Completion (Estimated): May 30, 2029

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 19, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 19, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): April 25, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 1, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 28, 2026
• Last Verified: May 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis; ofatumumab; NIS; RMS
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Nervous System Diseases; Pathologic Processes; Autoimmune Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System; Demyelinating Diseases; Multiple Sclerosis; Sclerosis; Peptides; Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins; Organic Chemicals; Acids, Acyclic; Carboxylic Acids; Fumarates; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glatiramer Acetate; Dimethyl Fumarate; teriflunomide; ofatumumab; diroximel fumarate
• Other Study ID Numbers: COMB157GDE02

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO