Anxiolysis for Laceration Repair in Children (ALICE)

Anxiolysis for Laceration Repair in Children: A Multicenter Adaptive Randomized Trial

This is a 3-arm adaptive clinical trial to the optimal light sedative for reducing distress during laceration repair in children. The investigators will compare intranasal (IN) dexmedetomidine, IN midazolam, and nitrous oxide (N20). The primary outcome is the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress - Revised (OSBD-R).

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Distress, Emotional; Laceration of Skin
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Dexmedetomidine; Drug: Midazolam Nasal Spray; Drug: Nitrous oxide

Detailed Description

Accounting for almost half of all procedures performed, lacerations are the most common reason for an ED visit in children. There is consistent evidence that children experience considerable distress during laceration repair, despite routine application of topical anesthetic, lidocaine-epinephrine-tetracaine (LET). Certified child life specialists (CCLSs) can help children cope with distress but are not widely available. Untreated distress in childhood can lead to anxiety, needle phobia, and fear of medical care as adults. The American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry strongly recommend minimizing discomfort and controlling behavior and movement during procedures but there is no specific guidance on laceration repair. Many children require pharmacologic anxiolysis for laceration repair but evidence for the most effective agent is lacking. Although anxiolytics such as midazolam and nitrous oxide (N2O) are frequently used, there are drawbacks including variable efficacy and nasal irritation in the case of midazolam and lack of cooperation in younger children in the case of N2O. IN dexmedetomidine is a potentially effective anxiolytic for laceration repair that could overcome these limitations.

IN dexmedetomidine is a relatively new anxiolytic with sedative and analgesic properties. It is tasteless, non-irritative, and highly concentrated (100 mcg/mL). A maximum dose of 200 mcg/2 mL can be given with 2 pairs of 0.5 mL IN sprays. The investigator's team published a systematic review of IN dexmedetomidine for distressing procedures. It was well tolerated by more than 90% of children and provided adequate anxiolysis in more children (79%) versus conventional anxiolytics (midazolam, chloral hydrate) (60%). Only one trial investigated IN dexmedetomidine in children for laceration repair and 70% were deemed "not anxious" compared to IN midazolam (11%). However, the study focused on initial positioning rather than repair. For proof of concept and to identify the optimal dose and feasibility of IN dexmedetomidine, we completed a pilot of 55 children undergoing laceration repair. All children tolerated IN administration, the consent rate was 82%, and there were no serious adverse events (AE). A dose of 3 mcg/kg balanced efficacy with duration of sedation, in line with others' findings.

Oral midazolam is the most common anxiolytic for laceration repair in children. However, onset and duration of action and efficacy can be unreliable and its bitter taste leads to poor compliance. IN midazolam using a mucosal atomizer device (MAD) is increasingly popular because it overcomes these limitations. Compared to oral midazolam, IN midazolam has a shorter onset of action (28 vs 34 minutes) but causes nasal irritation in up to 40% of patients. In addition, IN midazolam has variable efficacy for laceration repair and more adverse effects compared to nitrous oxide or IN dexmedetomidine. The largest study of IN midazolam was a retrospective study of combination IN midazolam plus fentanyl. A lower dose of midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) resulted in fewer adverse effects (0.7%) than with higher doses (2-5%). Adding IN fentanyl provided superior efficacy where only 2.4% of patients experienced a treatment failure.

The second most common anxiolytic is inhaled N2O, a tasteless gas that is administered in a concentration of 30-70% with oxygen. N2O is safe and effective for minor painful procedures. Peak effect is rapid (2 minutes) and effects dissipate quickly (3 minutes) upon discontinuation. Minor adverse effects occur in less than 10% of patients. However, based on the United Kingdom National Clinical Guideline Centre, it's unclear whether uncooperative children will comply with N2O administration. The investigators' recently completed systematic review of 29 trials of N2O for painful procedures in children found 50% N2O was superior to subcutaneous lidocaine, placebo, and oral midazolam. Only 5 trials focused on laceration repair but they were small and limited by non-validated or no measures of anxiety .

Despite frequent use of anxiolytics such as midazolam and N2O, The investigators' national survey found that 80% of Canadian paediatric ED physicians strongly believed that "children experience significant enough distress to warrant anxiolysis" and it would "improve the patient care experience". To improve care, a rigorous trial of a novel anxiolytic, IN dexmedetomidine, and dissemination of the research findings is needed.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 300
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Naveen Poonai, MD; Phone Number: 52011 5196858500; Email: naveen.poonai@lhsc.on.ca

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Ontario
    • London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5W9
      • Recruiting
      • London Health Sciences Centre
      • Contact: Naveen Poonai, MD

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 2 years to 12 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

i) Age 2-12.99 years [highest incidence of laceration repair] ii) Single or grouped lacerations separated by no more than 2 cm for which the treating physician believes repair does not require IV sedation iii) Repair to involve sutures and performed by ED physician or designate (trainee) iv) Child or caregiver desires anxiolysis for laceration repair [justification: incorporates family preferences based on their prior experiences or beliefs about child's response] vii) Local anesthesia planned to involve topical anesthetic (LET), infiltrated lidocaine, ring, or thenar block

Exclusion Criteria:

i) Sedative, anxiolytic, or alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist < 24 hours prior to interventions (may compound sedative effect and increase the SAE risk). 24-hours encompasses the duration of sedation of most agents.

ii) Hypersensitivity to any intervention iii) Occlusion of > 1 nostril due to polyps, septal deviation, or foreign body (may prevent drug absorption) iv) Hemodynamic abnormalities: bradycardia or hypotension < 2 SD of age-related normal value v) IND contraindications: Pre-existing renal insufficiency, uncorrected mineralocorticoid deficiency, pulmonary hypertension, uncorrected cyanotic heart disease, cardiac conduction disorder, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary edema, vitamin B12 or folate disorder, phenylketonuria, or psychosis vi) Sedation contraindications: Impaired level of consciousness or respiratory instability vii) N2O contraindications: Conditions associated with potential accumulation of gas within body spaces viii) Suspected or confirmed pregnancy (as reported by patient) ix) Inability to vocalize pain due to motor deficits (unable to apply the OSBD-R) x) Caregiver unable to complete study tasks due to insufficient comprehension of either English or French in the absence of a native language interpreter xi) Weight >= 65 kg (to avoid under-dosing of INM or IND) x) Not American Society of Anesthesiologists class I (healthy) or II (controlled mild to moderate disease) xii) No concomitant fracture or dislocation requiring orthopedic manipulation

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Intranasal dexmedetomidine; IN dexmedetomidine 3 mcg/kg [100 mcg/mL (max 200 mcg or 2 mL)]	Drug: Dexmedetomidine; Intranasal dexmedetomidine 3 mcg/kg [100 mcg/mL (max 200 mcg or 2 mL); Other Names: Precedex
Experimental: Intranasal midazolam; IN midazolam 0.4 mg/kg [5 mg/mL (max 10 mg or 2 mL)]	Drug: Midazolam Nasal Spray; Intranasal midazolam 0.4 mg/kg [5 mg/mL (max 10 mg or 2 mL); Other Names: Versed
Experimental: Inhaled nitrous oxide; 50% N2O in 50% oxygen by face mask or on-demand system	Drug: Nitrous oxide; 50% nitrous oxide in 50% oxygen by face mask; Other Names: Nitronox

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress - Revised (OSBD-R)	Score ranges from 0 (no distress) to 23.5 (maximal distress) and will be scored for the time interval encompassing preparation and suturing	During preparation, suturing, and recovery (20 minutes)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Need for physical restraint	Need for restraint during preparation and suturing based on the Procedural Restraint Intensity in Children (PRIC) scale. The PRIC is scored in discrete integer values from 0=no restraint to 4=extreme forceful restraint. A higher score indicates more restraint is needed.	During preparation and suturing (10 minutes)
Late maladaptive behaviors	Late maladaptive behaviors up to an including 72 hours post discharge using the Post-Hospital Behavior Questionnaire. The scale consists of 27 items concerning sleep, eating, anxiety, etc. where each item is scored from 1-5. The minimum score is 27 and the maximum score is 135 with higher scores indicating greater severity of behaviors.	From discharge to 72 hours post-discharge
Need for additional anxiolysis or sedation to facilitate repair	Need for additional anxiolysis or sedation to facilitate repair	During suturing (10 minutes)
Adverse effects	Will be based on the Quebec Guidelines and Health Canada reporting standards for sedation in children and include nausea and vomiting	From intervention to 72 hours post-discharge

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Total ED length of stay	ED length of stay	During emergency department visit (2 hours)
Post-intervention length of stay	Length of stay due to anxiolytic	From drug administration to discharge (80 minutes)
Post-procedure length of stay	Post-procedure length of stay	From suturing to discharge (40 minutes)
Compliance with intervention administration	Compliance (percent of calculated IN volume given and acceptance of face mask or on-demand mouthpiece (yes/no))	From drug administration through completion of suturing (40 minutes)
Number of healthcare personnel required during repair	Maximum number of healthcare personnel required at bedside during repair to provide physical restraint or patient care	During procedure (10 minutes)
Cost of healthcare personnel required at bedside during repair	Costs of healthcare personnel based on salary per minute required at bedside during repair to provide physical restraint or patient care	During procedure (40 minutes)
Cost of interventions	Cost of interventions based on group assignment	During procedure (40 minutes)
Duration of procedure	Duration of laceration repair	During procedure (40 minutes)
Caregiver state anxiety	Caregiver anxiety related to laceration repair using State Trait Anxiety Inventory Short version - State (STAIS5)	Immediately prior to Phase II (preparation) (1 minute)
Nasal irritation	Nasal irritation due IN intervention using the FLACC scale. Measured following IN sprays	During IN intervention administration (2 minutes)
Caregiver satisfaction with anxiolysis during laceration repair	Caregiver satisfaction with anxiolysis using a 100 mm visual analog scale. A higher score indicates greater satisfaction.	At discharge (1 minute)
Child satisfaction with anxiolysis during laceration repair	Child (7-12 years) satisfaction with anxiolysis using a 100 mm visual analog scale. A higher score indicates greater satisfaction.	At discharge (1 minute)
Healthcare provider (physician, nurse, respiratory therapist) satisfaction with anxiolysis during laceration repair	Nurse, physician, parent, and child 7-12 years satisfaction with anxiolysis using a 100 mm visual analog scale. A higher score indicates greater satisfaction.	During recovery (1 minute)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 19, 2023
• Primary Completion (Estimated): December 31, 2025
• Study Completion (Estimated): December 31, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 10, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 16, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): May 20, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 30, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 29, 2025
• Last Verified: March 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Wounds and Injuries; Lacerations; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Anesthetics; Central Nervous System Depressants; Sensory System Agents; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics; Neurotransmitter Agents; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Tranquilizing Agents; Psychotropic Drugs; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, General; GABA Modulators; GABA Agents; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic Agonists; Adrenergic Agents; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Midazolam; Dexmedetomidine; Nitrous Oxide
• Other Study ID Numbers: DFS05081977

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No