Prevention and Treatment of Injuries and Urinary Incontinence Among Norwegian Rhythmic Gymnasts

May 20, 2025 updated by: Kari Bø, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

Musculoskeletal Injuries, Pelvic Floor Dysfunctions and Menstrual Irregularities in Norwegian Rhythmic Gymnasts and Dancers - Observational and Cluster Randomized Controlled Studies

Overuse injuries are common among competitive Norwegian rhythmic gymnasts with a mean weekly prevalence of 37% [95% CI: 36 - 39%] and incidence of 4.2 new overuse injuries [95% CI: 3.6 - 4.9] per gymnast per year (Gram, M., Clarsen, B., & Bø, K., 2021). The knees, lower back and hip/groin were the most common injury locations. It has been postulated that reduced physical capacity (e.g strength, flexibility, stability) in the knees, lower back and hip/groin can increase the risk of injuries in rhythmic gymnastics.

In addition, more than 30% of the Norwegian rhythmic gymnasts experience urinary incontinence (UI), and 70% reported that UI negatively affected sports performance (Gram, M., & Bø, K., 2020). Few of the rhythmic gymnasts had any knowledge about the pelvic floor.

Hence, this assessor blinded cluster randomized controlled trial aims to find out whether the implementation of exercises targeting reduced physical capacity and pelvic floor dysfunction can prevent/reduce the prevalence of overuse injuries and UI.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

BACKGROUND

Norwegian rhythmic gymnasts have high prevalence and incidence of overuse injuries. Previous research on risk factors related to injuries in rhythmic gymnastics (RG) has implied that high weekly training load, hypermobility, poor technic and inappropriate training load increase the risk of injuries. A prospective study also found that previous injury increased the risk of injuries substantially (Gram, M., Clarsen, B., & Bø, K., 2021). Hence, injury prevention interventions should start at an early age to avoid the first injury. In addition, since the aetiology and mechanisms of injuries are multifactorial, with a well described complex interaction of internal and external risk factors making a gymnast more or less prone to sustain an injury, there might be a need to assess some internal risk factors more thoroughly. The modifiable internal risk factor physical capacity, e.g. strength, flexibility, stability, might be of particular interest, since lack of physical capacity can be thought of as a potential underlying cause in all of the above-mentioned risk factors. In addition, it is well known how persistent lack of physical capacity relative to the requirements in a sport might lead to injuries. With knees, lower back and hip/groin as the most commonly reported injury locations, clinical assessment of strength, flexibility and stability in these locations has been conducted in a cross-sectional study before this randomized controlled trial (RCT). Reduced physical capacity revealed in the cross-sectional study will be targeted/brought forward in the exercise program in the RCT.

The most common types of pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD) are urinary incontinence (UI), anal incontinence (AI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). UI has high prevalence among female athletes participating in sports including jumping and running (high impact). A prevalence of 80% was found in young, nulliparous high-level trampoline jumpers in Sweden (Eliasson et.al., 2008). The prevalence among Norwegian rhythmic gymnasts was >30%, while Thyssen et.al. found that 56% of female Danish artistic gymnasts and 43% of dancers reported UI. UI negatively affects sports performance, and symptoms at young age is a risk factor of future UI developing during pregnancy and after childbirth. Hence, interventions toward prevention and treatment is necessary. While strength training of the pelvic floor muscles has 1A level of evidence/recommendation to treat UI in the general female population, and has no known adverse effects, there is little knowledge of this among young female athletes and dancers. Search on PubMed revealed only one RCT assessing the effect of pelvic floor muscle training on UI in female athletes. Ferreira et.al. randomized 32 female volleyball players to 3 months of pelvic floor muscle training or control, and found statistically significant improvement in the exercise group in frequency of leakage and urine loss measured during physical activity(p< 0.001). Hence, there seem to be a potential for prevention and treatment also in athletes exposed to heavy load towards the pelvic floor.

AIMS

The aims of this RCT are to investigate if implementation of prophylactic exercises targeting reduced capacity and pelvic floor dysfunction can prevent/lower the prevalence of overuse injuries and UI among Norwegian rhythmic gymnasts.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

All rhythmic gymnastics clubs that are members of the Norwegian Gymnastics Federation and have gymnasts fulfilling the inclusion criteria will be invited to participate. The clubs are then randomly allocated to either an exercise or control group. Randomization will be provided by a person not involved in assessments of outcome.

All gymnasts in both groups will answer the "Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems" (OSTRC-H2) at baseline (including a part with background questions) and once each month during the intervention period. In addition, the gymnasts will answer the "International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form" (ICIQ-UI-SF) before and after the intervention period. After the intervention, the intervention group will answer the Global rating of change (GRC), a numerical 11-point scale to assess self-experienced effect and progress related to overuse injuries and UI.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

205

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Norway
      • Oslo, Norway, 0863
        • Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

12 years and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • All rhythmic gymnastics clubs that are members of the Norwegian Gymnastics Federation and have gymnasts fulfilling the inclusion criteria will be invited to participate.
  • Female rhythmic gymnasts ≥12 years of age training ≥3 days per week

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Female rhythmic gymnasts <12 years of age training <3 days per week

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Intervention group
Exercises for knees, lower back and hip/groin in an expanded warm up program. In addition, the warm up program will include pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT). The warm up program will in total take approximately 12-15 minutes to conduct each training.
Other: Exercises for knees, lower back, hip/groin and pelvic floor muscles in an expanded warm up program
Rhythmic gymnastics clubs allocated to the intervention group will be visited by a physiotherapist (the PhD candidate), which will perform thorough teaching of coaches and gymnasts on how to perform the exercises in the expanded warm up program. During the same visit, before commencing PFMT, the gymnasts will have an individual session were a portable 2D ultrasound machine (GE Healthcare -Logiq e R7, GE>12L-RS - 5-13 MHz Wideband Linear Probe) will be used to teach and assess ability to perform a correct PFM contraction. The probe is placed suprapubically and provides concurrent visible biofeedback of the PFM contraction. Adherence to the intervention will be registered weekly by the coach in a training diary and asked for as an additional question in the monthly OSTRC-H2 sent to the gymnasts. Reminders will be sent by phone to the coaches every week. To assure proper execution and motivation, the PhD candidate will perform one extra visit midterm.
No Intervention: Control group
No intervention.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Reduction in prevalence of overuse injuries in the knees, lower back and hip/groin
Time Frame: The gymnasts in both groups will answer the OSTRC-H2 at baseline (October 2022) and one time each month throughout the intervention period (last registration in June 2023)
The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems (OSTRC-H2) is a valid questionnaire to assess prevalence and severity of injuries in different anatomical areas.
The gymnasts in both groups will answer the OSTRC-H2 at baseline (October 2022) and one time each month throughout the intervention period (last registration in June 2023)
Reduction in prevalence and bother of UI
Time Frame: The gymnasts in both groups will answer the ICIQ-UI-SF one time at baseline (October 2022) and one time when the intervention period has ended (June 2023)
The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI-SF) is a reliable and valid questionnaire assessing prevalence, amount of leakage, bother and type of UI.
The gymnasts in both groups will answer the ICIQ-UI-SF one time at baseline (October 2022) and one time when the intervention period has ended (June 2023)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Self-experienced effect and progress related to overuse injuries in the knees, lower back and hip/groin
Time Frame: The gymnasts in the intervention group will answer the GRC on time when the intervention period has ended (June 2023)
Assessed by Global rating of change (GRC), a numerical 11-point scale, which has shown good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.9).
The gymnasts in the intervention group will answer the GRC on time when the intervention period has ended (June 2023)
Self-experienced effect and progress related to UI
Time Frame: The gymnasts in the intervention group will answer the GRC one time when the intervention period has ended (June 2023)
Assessed by Global rating of change (GRC), a numerical 11-point scale, which has shown good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.9).
The gymnasts in the intervention group will answer the GRC one time when the intervention period has ended (June 2023)

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

Investigators

  • Study Chair: Kari Bø, PhD, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

August 22, 2022

Primary Completion (Actual)

June 30, 2023

Study Completion (Actual)

June 30, 2023

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

August 16, 2022

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

August 17, 2022

First Posted (Actual)

August 18, 2022

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

May 22, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

May 20, 2025

Last Verified

May 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • MCDG2022

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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