Alcohol Misuse, Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and PrEP Care Continuum: Application and Efficacy of SBIRT Intervention (SEAL)

Alcohol Misuse, Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and PrEP Care Continuum: Application and Efficacy of SBIRT Intervention (SEAL)

This randomized control trial study among Pre-exposure prophylactic users (PrEP) aims to learn and determine the efficacy of Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBRIT) in reducing the risk of alcohol use. The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. How alcohol use impacts the PrEP continuum and to understand how early intervention and treatment approach affects alcohol use and PrEP adherence.
2. Investigate the effectiveness of the SBIRT intervention in preventing hazardous alcohol use and its impact on gut dysbiosis in PrEP users.
3. To determine alterations in the gut microbiome (dysbiosis), intestinal homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and markers of liver disease associated with hazardous alcohol use among PrEP users.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: HIV Infections; Dysbiosis; Alcohol Use Disorder; Risk Behavior, Health
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral to Treatment (SBIRT)

Detailed Description

The study pursues a randomized control trial (RCT) with persons who use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to determine the efficacy of SBIRT (Screening, Brief Intervention, & Referral to Treatment) in reducing the risk of alcohol drinking and associated pathogenic changes in the gut liver axis.

Participants in this study will attend visits at 3 months, 6 months,s and 12 months for about 60 to 90 minutes. These visits may include filling out a survey, participating in an interview, meeting with an SBIRT interventionist, and providing the aforementioned samples: Blood, urine, stool, saliva, oral and vaginal, if applicable.

This study will use a syndemic approach to expand the HIV/AIDS prevention toolkit among populations impacted by alcohol with a range of patterns of episodic and long-term use and associated behavioral and biological risks for HIV acquisition.

Specifically, the team will execute a randomized control trial among Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) users demonstrating heightened alcohol use to test the effectiveness of the Screening, Brief Intervention, & Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) intervention to reduce alcohol use and examine the subsequent impact on the gut microbiome compared to individuals receiving treatment as usual and PrEP users not demonstrating elevated alcohol use. Finally, we will employ qualitative methods (in-depth interviews) and analysis to understand decision-making factors influencing PrEP adherence and alcohol use over time.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 120
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Andrea Reyes Vega, MD, MSc; Phone Number: 502852884; Email: a0reye02@louisville.edu
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Vania Remenik, MD; Phone Number: 5028528884; Email: vania.remenik@louisville.edu

Study Locations

• United States
  • Kentucky
    • Louisville, Kentucky, United States, 40202
      • Recruiting
      • University of Louisville
      • Contact: Andrea M Reyes Vega, MD,MSc; Phone Number: 502-852-8884; Email: a0reye02@louisville.edu
      • Contact: Vania Remenik, MD; Email: vania.remenik@louisville.edu
      • Principal Investigator: Shirish Barve, PhD
      • Sub-Investigator: Smita Ghare, PhD
      • Sub-Investigator: Jelani Kerr, PhD
      • Sub-Investigator: Lesley Harris, PhD
      • Sub-Investigator: Andrea Reyes Vega, MD, MSc

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age: 18-85 years
• Confirmation of seronegative HIV, Hep B, and Hep C status
• PrEP users
• English-speaking or Spanish speaking
• Cognitively competent to provide consent
• Attend a participating healthcare facility

Exclusion Criteria:

• Inability to consent
• Existing diagnosis of major psychiatric illness
• Unstable medical conditions (e.g., cancer)
• Taking immunosuppressants or Chemotherapy
• Taking daily antibiotics or probiotics
• Severe gastrointestinal/liver disease
• Autoimmune disease

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: AUDIT <8; Participants whose audit score is less than eight are assigned to this arm. AUDIT is a 10-item screening tool developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to assess alcohol consumption, dependence, and experience of alcohol-related harm. AUDIT <8 is non-hazardous.
Experimental: AUDIT >8 + SBIRT; This is an experimental arm, and AUDIT >8 is hazardous. The goal is to make connections on the impact of the SBIRT intervention on PrEP engagement and alcohol use among the participants to create a full picture of the impact of the intervention on groups exhibiting different types of alcohol use.	Behavioral: Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral to Treatment (SBIRT); SBIRT has been defined by SAMHSA as a comprehensive, integrated, public health approach to the delivery of early intervention for individuals with risky alcohol and drug use and the timely referral to more intensive substance abuse treatment for those who have substance abuse disorders. There is consensus that a comprehensive SBIRT model includes screening, brief intervention/brief treatment, and referral to treatment. In addition there are following characteristics: It is brief (e.g., typically about 5-10 minutes for brief interventions; about 5 to 12 sessions for brief treatments); The screening is universal.; One or more specific behaviors related to risky alcohol and drug use are targeted.; The services occur in a public health non-substance abuse treatment setting.; It is comprehensive (comprised of screening, brief intervention/treatment, and referral to treatment).; Strong research or experiential evidence supports the model's effectiveness.
No Intervention: AUDIT > 8 NO SBIRT; This is NOT an experimental arm, despite an AUDIT score > 8.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Patients with Gut Microbial alpha diversity measured by the Shannon index	Another significant primary outcomes for this aim is gut microbial alpha diversity measured by the Shannon index. Among all PrEP users, the comparison will be done between those who drink alcohol with those who do not drink alcohol in terms of the Shannon index. This will be analyzed using stool samples.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Number of Patients with Gut Microbial alpha diversity measured by abundance of bacteria	The primary outcome for this aim- Gut microbial alpha diversity measurement using the abundance of bacteria family Lachnospiraceae. This involves transforming the relative abundance (RA) of Lachnospiraceae during logit transformation to expand the RA. This will be analyzed using stool samples.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Number of Patients with Hazardous Alcohol use	Hazardous alcohol use in the experimental group (SBIRT) will be compared to the control group (treatment as usual).	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Subjects AUDIT test	This will be measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), which is an alcohol screening instrument.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Subjects TLFB review	TLFB / Timeline Followback, which involves asking participants to retrospectively estimate their alcohol use 7 days to 2 years prior to the interview date.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Subjects TAPS tool	TAPS Tool / The Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medications, and other Substance Tool, which is a screening and assessment tool for alcohol use in the past year.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Number of Patients reaching PrEP adherence by Tenofovir Urine Test	PrEP adherence in the experimental group (SBIRT) will be compared to the control group (treatment as usual). This will be measured using a single-item measure using a Tenofovir Urine Test.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Patients reporting Sense of hope as evidenced by improved sense of goal directed energy and/or planning to accomplish goals m	Sense of hope will increase in the experimental group (SBIRT) compared to the control group (treatment as usual). This will be measured by the Adult Hope Scale (AHS).	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Number of Patients reporting Symptoms of depression	Symptoms of depression will decrease in the experimental group (SBIRT) compared to the control group (treatment as usual). This will be measured by the CES-D / Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Number of Patients reporting Symptoms of anxiety	Symptoms of anxiety will decrease in the experimental group (SBIRT) compared to the control group (treatment as usual). This will be measured by the CESA / Center for Epidemiologic Studies Anxiety Scale.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Number of Patients with Gut microbiome/bacterial composition at the genera level, and functional characteristics of genes for bacterial populations	Secondary outcomes from gut microbiome evaluation will be bacterial composition at the genera level, and functional characteristics of genes for bacterial populations. This will be analyzed using stool samples.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Number of Patients with Immune Activation, Inflammation and liver injury related outcomes	Secondary outcomes from plasma/blood samples will be i) Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for gut permeability and microbial translocation; ii) sCD14 and inflammatory cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6 for immune activation and inflammation and iii)AST, ALT and CK18 for liver injury.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Number of Patients reporting self-efficacy related to PrEP or confidence in one's ability to carry out behaviors important to PrEP adherence	Self-efficacy related to PrEP or confidence in one's ability to carry out behaviors important to PrEP adherence in the experimental group (SBIRT) will be compared to the control group (treatment as usual). This will be measured by the PrEP self-efficacy scale.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Number of Patients reporting PrEP stigma by PrEP Stigma Likert Scale	PrEP stigma in the experimental group (SBIRT) will be compared to the control group (treatment as usual).	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Number of Patients reporting self-efficacy related to abstaining from alcohol by AASE / Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale.	Self-efficacy related to abstaining from alcohol will increase in the experimental group (SBIRT) compared to the control group (treatment as usual).	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months
Number of Patients reporting use of other illicit drugs by the ASSIST (version 2.0) / Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test	Use of other illicit drugs will decrease in the experimental group (SBIRT) compared to the control group (treatment as usual). This will be measured by the ASSIST (version 2.0) / Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test which is a screening instrument for Cannabis, Cocaine, Prescription Stimulants, Methamphetamine, Inhalants, Sedatives, Hallucinogens, Street Opioids, Prescription Opioids, other drugs, the TLFB / Timeline Followback, which involves asking participants to retrospectively estimate their illicit drug use 7 days to 2 years prior to the interview date, and the TAPS Tool / The Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medications, and other Substance Tool, which is a screening and assessment tool for tobacco use, alcohol use, prescription medication misuse, and illicit substance use in the past year.	baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Shirish S Barve
• Collaborators: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Shirish Barve, PhD, University of Louisville

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption--II. Addiction. 1993 Jun;88(6):791-804. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x.
• Higgins-Biddle JC, Babor TF. A review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for screening in the United States: Past issues and future directions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2018;44(6):578-586. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545. Epub 2018 May 3.
• Conigrave KM, Hall WD, Saunders JB. The AUDIT questionnaire: choosing a cut-off score. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Addiction. 1995 Oct;90(10):1349-56. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.901013496.x.
• Humeniuk R, Henry-Edwards S, Ali R, Poznyak V, Monteiro MGea. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): manual for use in primary care. Geneva, Swizterland World Health Organization;2010.
• Zhang W, O'Brien N, Forrest JI, Salters KA, Patterson TL, Montaner JS, Hogg RS, Lima VD. Validating a shortened depression scale (10 item CES-D) among HIV-positive people in British Columbia, Canada. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40793. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040793. Epub 2012 Jul 19.
• Ghare S, Singhal R, Bryant V, Gautam S, Tirumala CC, Srisailam PK, Reyes-Vega A, Ghooray D, McClain CJ, Hoffman K, Petrosino J, Bryant K, Govind V, Cohen R, Cook RL, Barve S. Age-Associated Gut Dysbiosis, Marked by Loss of Butyrogenic Potential, Correlates With Altered Plasma Tryptophan Metabolites in Older People Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022 Feb 1;89(Suppl 1):S56-S64. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002866.
• Fulcher JA, Li F, Cook RR, Zabih S, Louie A, Okochi H, Tobin NH, Gandhi M, Shoptaw S, Gorbach PM, Aldrovandi GM. Rectal Microbiome Alterations Associated With Oral Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019 Oct 29;6(11):ofz463. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofz463. eCollection 2019 Nov.
• Dube MP, Park SY, Ross H, Love TMT, Morris SR, Lee HY. Daily HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine reduced Streptococcus and increased Erysipelotrichaceae in rectal microbiota. Sci Rep. 2018 Oct 12;8(1):15212. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33524-6.
• Perler BK, Reinhart EM, Montgomery M, Maynard M, Shapiro JM, Belenky P, Chan PA. Evaluation of the Microbiome in Men Taking Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention. AIDS Behav. 2021 Jul;25(7):2005-2013. doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-03130-7. Epub 2021 Jan 4.
• Blumenthal J, Pasipanodya EC, Jain S, Sun S, Ellorin E, Morris S, Moore DJ. Comparing Self-Report Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Questions to Pharmacologic Measures of Recent and Cumulative Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Exposure. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Jul 5;10:721. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00721. eCollection 2019.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 1, 2023
• Primary Completion (Estimated): October 24, 2027
• Study Completion (Estimated): October 24, 2027

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 28, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 16, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): August 22, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 22, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 17, 2024
• Last Verified: July 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: PrEP; Alcohol; SBIRT
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Chemically-Induced Disorders; Pathologic Processes; Alcohol-Related Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Alcoholism; Dysbiosis
• Other Study ID Numbers: 22.0606; 1R01AA030485-01 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No