The PACT (Patient Activation Through Conversations) Study (PACT)

The PACT (Patient Activation Through Conversations) Study - A Cluster Randomised Trial of a Health Coach-led Patient Activation Program in Type 2 Diabetes.

The PACT Study is a cluster randomised trial of a health coach-led patient activation program in type 2 diabetes. The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of a health coaching intervention (PACT program) led by Care Coaches (trained lay persons), in adult participants with sub-optimally controlled Diabetes Mellitus, as compared to participants undergoing routine care for diabetes (Usual Care).

The primary outcome of interest is change in Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels over 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. Secondary outcomes include changes in blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, body mass index (BMI), self-reported diabetes self-care behaviours, self-efficacy, health-related quality of life, and diabetes-related distress, over 3, 6 and 12 months.

Participants in the Intervention arm will undergo the PACT Program, which is a 3-month long health coaching program led by a care coach. Participants review their motivators, health parameters, self-care behaviours, and set goals for improving their diabetes using a PACT report. Subsequently, they will receive fortnightly motivational and problem solving support via telephone or WhatsApp messaging over a 3-month duration, and will return to routine care after 3 months. Participants in the Usual Care arm will have routine care of their diabetes treatment.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetes Mellitus
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Patient Activation through Conversations (PACT) Program; Behavioral: Usual Care

Detailed Description

Study Methodology

This is a cluster randomised controlled trial comparing the PACT program to Usual Care. Each cluster consists of a Teamlet in a NHG Polyclinic, consisting of a regular group of Family Physicians, a Care Manager, and a Care Coordinator, that provide chronic care for a regular group of about 5000 patients.

Study Population

The study population will include patients with suboptimal control of diabetes (HbA1c >8%) between the ages of 21 to 64. Patients with a suboptimal control of diabetes frequently require a combination of both pharmacological and lifestyle measures for improvement of their glycaemic levels.

The inclusion criteria include the following:

• Individuals with a diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus who are enrolled in Teamlets in NHGP
• Age between 21 to 64 years old
• HbA1c level of more than 8% in the last 6 months

The exclusion criteria includes the following:

• History of acute coronary syndrome in the past 3 months
• History of stroke or transient ischaemic attacks in the past 3 months
• History of end stage organ failure (liver cirrhosis, cardiac failure, latest eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2 in the last 6 months)
• Cancer requiring treatment in the past 5 years.
• Active psychiatrist follow up
• Social issues that are significant enough for follow-up or referral with a medical social worker within the last 12 months
• Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
• Patients who are enrolled in other current diabetes-related interventional studies
• Inability to provide written consent for the study protocol and able to commit to the study duration.

These patients are excluded as they may have conditions that could be of a higher priority for management as compared to Diabetes Mellitus, and may not be able to provide informed consent or participate actively in shared decision making.

Summary of Study Design

The unit of randomisation will be each cluster, as represented by a single Teamlet. Randomisation will be carried out on all Teamlets that are involved in this research study from NHG Polyclinics. The study team aims to involve two to three polyclinics that includes six Teamlets in each polyclinic. A total of 12 to 18 Teamlets will hence be involved, subject to resource and recruitment considerations.

Teamlets in each polyclinic will be randomised to either the PACT Program condition or Usual Care condition. Patients who belong to Teamlets that are randomised to the PACT Program condition will be recruited for participation in the PACT Program, and patients who belong to Teamlets that are randomised to the Usual Care condition will be recruited and provided with routine care. Due to the nature of the PACT intervention, blinding of the Teamlet members (Doctor, Care Manager, Care Coach) and patients will not be feasible. The data analyst will be blinded to the group allocation.

The PACT Program intervention will last 3 months. Four participant assessments will be conducted, and this will take place at baseline and at the 3-month, 6-month, and the 12-month mark.

Recruitment of participants will take place over 12 months and follow-up of participants will be carried out over 24 months. Further analysis will be undertaken for 12 months, so the total length of the study will be 4 years and 0 months.

PACT program procedures The PACT program lasts 3 months and is a health coaching program for people with type 2 diabetes.

Patients have an in-person visit with a Care Coach at the baseline visit, where review of their metabolic parameters, self-care behaviors and health motivators is carried out, supported by use of a PACT form. This is followed by goal setting.

The PACT form consists of:

1. Results of patients' latest clinical readings are shared with the patient
2. Patient fills in their key motivators for managing their diabetes well
3. Patient fills in a survey that assesses their own self-care behaviors (diet, exercise, medication adherence), diabetes distress
4. Goal setting with the care coach to set SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-sensitive) goals

The Care Coach has been trained to apply a bio-psychosocial approach, motivational interviewing skills and provide diabetes care support. The discussion will take approximately 15 to 30 minutes.

Supportive follow-up is provided over the following 3 months. The Care Coach will support patients in reviewing their goals, assist in problem solving, and provide motivational support. Follow-up will be conducted 2 weekly via telephone calls and/or WhatsApp messages, according to the patient's preference. Care coaches will minimally send patients a whatsapp message or conduct a phone call, however, we acknowledge that some patients may not reply or pick up the phone. This will take approximately 10 to 20 minutes each time. After 3 months, the patients will be reverted back to routine clinical care.

Outcome Assessments

Patient outcomes will be assessed at baseline (12 months before study period), and at regular intervals over 24 months for clinical data. Patient reported outcomes will be assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months.

1. Clinical Outcomes

   • Clinical outcomes will be extracted from the NHGP Business Intelligence database, from routinely collected data.

   • The outcomes that will be assessed include:

     • Clinical outcomes at baseline and follow-up: HbA1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and Triglyceride levels, serum creatinine level, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine albumin-creatinine ratio, and the urine protein-creatinine ratio
     • At baseline: Presence of co-morbidities, which include hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, previous lower limb amputations, chronic kidney disease, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy
   • Patients usually make clinic visits every 3 to 6 months. Clinical outcomes data will be obtained for baseline and over a period of 24 months.

2. Patient reported outcomes

   • Patient reported outcomes will be assessed using a questionnaire at baseline, at the 3-month mark, 6-month mark, and at the 12-month mark.
   • The questionnaire will be self-administered with interviewer assistance on patient request.

   • The baseline and follow-up questionnaires include the following measures:

     • Sociodemographic information - Only in baseline questionnaire
     • Self-care behaviours, measured with the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities scale (SDSCA)
     • Diabetes-related distress, measured with the 2-item Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS-2)
     • Diabetes empowerment, measured with the short form of the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES-SF)
     • Health-related quality of life, measured with the EQ-5D-5L
     • Patient satisfaction, as measured by 5 questions from the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire-III- Only in the PACT 3-month questionnaire.
3. Referral to community exercise programs. As part of comprehensive lifestyle management, the patients may be directed to community exercise programs, such as those run by SportSG. Attendance to such programs will be recorded via patient-reported information in the 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month questionnaires.
4. Adverse events Improvements in self-care behaviors (diet and physical activity) may be associated with hypoglycaemic symptoms. Monitoring for serious hypoglycaemic episodes requiring emergency department visit and/or admissions to hospital will be recorded via patient-reported information the 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month questionnaires.
5. Drugs Prescribed Drugs could affect clinical outcomes such as HbA1c. Information such as drug prescribed, dosage, and cost of medications will be extracted from NHGP Business Intelligence database.
6. Resources and Cost

Costs and resource utilisation will be analysed, including:

• Health-service utilisation costs including Medical (Doctor), Nursing (Care Manager), Allied Health (Dietician, Psychologist, Medical Social Worker) consultation sessions
• Training and utilisation costs for the Care Coaches, including the number of Telephone/WhatsApp follow-up calls by the Care Coaches
• Laboratory tests
• Medication costs

Sample Size and Statistical Methods

Estimation of Sample Size A minimal clinically important difference of 0.4% in HbA1c is expected between participants of the PACT program compared with Usual Care. In estimating the sample size, a standard deviation of 1.2% was used, as estimated from a local study. We aim to recruit between 12 to 18 Teamlets in the study. If 12 Teamlets are recruited (6 Teamlets are randomised to PACT and 6 to the control group), 34 subjects are required for each Teamlet (total 204 participants in the PACT program and 204 participants in Usual Care), at 80% power with one-sided alpha at 5%, and setting the intracluster correlation coefficient at 0.01 with an assumed drop-out rate of 20%. If 18 Teamlets are recruited (9 randomised to PACT and 9 to the control group), 24 subjects are required for each Teamlet (216 participants in the PACT program and 216 participants in Usual Care), at 80% power with one-sided alpha at 5%, and setting the intracluster correlation coefficient at 0.01 with an assumed drop-out rate of 20%. Sample size calculations were conducted using SampSizeV2.

Statistical and Analytical Plans

1. Clinical Outcomes evaluation Categorical data will be summarized as counts (percentage), while continuous data will be summarized as mean (standard deviation) if they are normally distributed or median (interquartile range) if they are skewed. Baseline characteristics will be compared between participants in the PACT program and Usual care. Differences in the outcomes of interest (clinical and patient-reported) at different data points will be compared between participants in the PACT program and Usual Care. As this is a cluster-randomised trial, a mixed model will be used to evaluate the longitudinal difference-in-difference outcomes between the PACT program and Usual Care, incorporating Teamlets as the random effect. Relevant baseline covariates will be included in the model to account for potential confounding factors.
2. Resource and cost evaluation This study will analyse the cost-effectiveness and resource utilisation of the PACT program. The potential economic impact of new program implementation will be studied by estimating the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) between PACT and Usual Care (incremental direct medical cost per unit improvement in clinical outcome).

Effectiveness outcomes may include differences between PACT and controls in terms of HbA1c, DM-related complications, DM-related deaths, or quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 432
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Jun Hwee Benjamin Lee, MBBS; Phone Number: +6563553000; Email: benjamin_jh_lee@nhgp.com.sg
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Sabrina Kay Wye Wong, MBBS; Phone Number: +6563553000; Email: sabrina_kw_wong@nhgp.com.sg

Study Locations

• Singapore
  • Singapore, Singapore, 389707
    • Not yet recruiting
    • NHGP Geylang Polyclinic
    • Contact: Jun Hwee Benjamin Lee; Phone Number: +6563553000; Email: benjamin_jh_lee@nhgp.com.sg
  • Singapore, Singapore, 569666
    • Not yet recruiting
    • NHGP Ang Mo Kio Polyclinic
    • Contact: Jun Hwee Benjamin Lee; Phone Number: +6563553000; Email: benjamin_jh_lee@nhgp.com.sg
  • Singapore, Singapore, 738579
    • Recruiting
    • NHGP Woodlands Polyclinic
    • Contact: Jun Hwee Benjamin Lee; Phone Number: +65 63553000; Email: benjamin_jh_lee@nhgp.com.sg

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Individuals with a diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus who are enrolled in Teamlets in NHGP
• Age between 21 to 64 years old
• HbA1c level of more than 8% in the last 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of acute coronary syndrome in the past 3 months
• History of stroke or transient ischaemic attacks in the past 3 months
• History of end stage organ failure (liver cirrhosis, cardiac failure, latest eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2 in the last 6 months)
• Cancer requiring treatment in the past 5 years.
• Active psychiatrist follow up
• Social issues that are significant enough for follow-up or referral with a medical social worker within the last 12 months
• Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
• Patients who are enrolled in other current diabetes-related interventional studies
• Inability to provide written consent for the study protocol and able to commit to the study duration.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: PACT Arm; Participants in the intervention arm will undergo the PACT Program, which is a 3-month long health coaching program.	Behavioral: Patient Activation through Conversations (PACT) Program; Participants in the intervention arm will undergo a 3-month long health coaching program where a care coach will review a participant's health parameters and current self-care behaviours, identify health motivators and set goals for improving their diabetes, as well as fortnightly support through text or phone call.
Placebo Comparator: Usual Care; Patients in the Usual Care Arm will undergo routine follow-up for their Diabetes Mellitus. In NHGP, this involves Teamlet care, where patients are taken care of by a team comprising of Family Physicians, a Care Manager (a nurse trained in chronic disease management), and a Care Coordinator, and are seen typically every three to six months for monitoring of their diabetic control.	Behavioral: Usual Care; Routine Chronic Disease care

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
HbA1c	Glycated Hemoglobin	24 Months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Blood Pressure	Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure	24 months
BMI	Body Mass Index	24 months
LDL-C	Low density Lipoprotein cholesterol	24 months
eGFR	Estimated glomerular filtration rate	24 months
uACR	Urine Albumin:Creatinine Ratio	24 months
uPCR	Urine Protein:Creatinine Ratio	24 months
Referral to community exercise programs	Patient-reported information for referral to community exercise programs	12 months
Adverse events	Patient-reported hypoglycaemic episodes requiring emergency department visit and/or admissions to hospital	12 months
Drugs Prescribed	Drug prescribed, dosage, and cost	24 months
Costs and resource utilisation	Health-service utilisation costs, training costs, laboratory tests costs, medication costs	24 months
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Scale (SDSCA)	SDSCA is a measure of self-care behaviors in diabetes. It is divided into the following five domains: Diet , Physical Activity, Blood Sugar Testing, Medication Adherence, and Smoking. There are 11 items, with each scored from 0 -7. Higher scores indicate a better outcome. Smoking status is scored using Yes/No.	12 months
2-item Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS-2)	The 2-item Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS-2) measures Diabetes Related Distress. It includes two items, each scored from 1 - 6. Higher scores indicate a worse outcome	12 months
Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES-SF)	Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES-SF) is a measure of diabetes empowerment, consisting of 8 items, each scored from 1 - 5. Higher scores indicate a better outcome.	12 months
EuroQol group 5-Dimension 5-Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L)	The EQ-5D-5L is a measure of Health-related quality of life. It is divided into the following five domains: Mobility, Self-Care, Usual Activities, Pain/Discomfort, and Anxiety/Depression (each question scored from 1-5, Higher scores indicate a worse outcome), as well as a Visual Analog Scale (scored from 0- 100, Higher scores indicate a better outcome.)	12 months
5 questions from the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire-III	5 questions from the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire-III are used as a measure of patient satisfaction in the PACT Arm. It includes five items, each scored between 1-5. Higher scores indicate a worse outcome.	3 months
CollaboRATE scale.	The collaboRATE scale is a measure of shared-decision making. It includes three items, each scored between 0-9. Higher scores indicate a better outcome.	3 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Healthcare Group Polyclinics
• Collaborators: National Healthcare Group, Singapore
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Sabrina Kay Wye Wong, MBBS, National Healthcare Group Polyclinics

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

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• Silva MN, Vieira PN, Coutinho SR, Minderico CS, Matos MG, Sardinha LB, Teixeira PJ. Using self-determination theory to promote physical activity and weight control: a randomized controlled trial in women. J Behav Med. 2010 Apr;33(2):110-22. doi: 10.1007/s10865-009-9239-y. Epub 2009 Dec 11.
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• Monica 1776 Main Street Santa, California 90401-3208. Patient Satisfaction Questionnaires (PSQ-III and PSQ-18) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 19]. Available from: https://www.rand.org/health-care/surveys_tools/psq.html
• Png ME, Yoong J, Phan TP, Wee HL. Current and future economic burden of diabetes among working-age adults in Asia: conservative estimates for Singapore from 2010-2050. BMC Public Health. 2016 Feb 16;16:153. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-2827-1. Erratum In: BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 18;16(1):589. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3164-0.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 22, 2024
• Primary Completion (Estimated): March 31, 2025
• Study Completion (Estimated): April 22, 2028

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 30, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 30, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): June 5, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 13, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 11, 2024
• Last Verified: June 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; Endocrinology; Lifestyle Intervention; Health Coaching
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2023/00667

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No