Radiodiagnostic Properties of Maxillary Antroliths

Radiodiagnostic Properties of Maxillary Antroliths: a Retrospective Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study

Background: To evaluate the frequency and radiodiagnostic characteristics of maxillary antroliths using cone beam computed tomography.

Materials and Methods: A review of 1166 patients aged 11-85 years was conducted to assess the frequency of maxillary antroliths, considering sex, age, and location. The relationship between antroliths and sex, location, dental treatment status, and sinus inflammation was evaluated. The shape, size, and volume of the antroliths were also analyzed. Significance was set at p=0.05 for statistical analysis.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Maxillary Sinus; Antrolith
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Retrospective radiologic study

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 1200

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Rize, Turkey, 53100
    • Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Training and Research Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child; Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Retrospective maxillary sinus included CBCT images

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• DPR and CBCT and also had a maximum of 3 months
• Image quality was sufficient
• No artifacts CBCT images

Exclusion Criteria:

• Tomographic images that contained pathologies such as cysts/tumors in the
• Insufficient diagnostic quality
• History of maxillofacial trauma or surgery, any syndrome/bone-related disease/metabolic disease
• Insufficient diagnostic quality or patient position-related artifacts

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Antrolith descriptive analysis	CBCT images were examined in axial, sagittal, and coronal slices to investigate the presence of antroliths. The age and sex information of the detected cases were recorded.	for three days from the beginning of the study
Antrolith localization and relationship the dental status evaluation	Each sinus cavity exhibiting antroliths was evaluated for distribution and location as follows: (1) unilateral or bilateral, (2) single or multiple, (3) tooth extraction/root canal treatment/residual root fragment/implant/periodontal disease and/or periapical lesion (any dental cause of sinus inflammation), (4) premolar or molar region, and (5) sinus floor, lateral wall, or medial wall.	for three days from the beginning of the study
Antrolith and mucosal thickness classification	the detected antroliths were categorized according to the classification of Cho et al. In this classification made according to the sizes of antroliths, Punctate = ≤3 mm in both height and width, Linear = ≤3 mm and more than treble in width, and Amorphous = >3 mm in both width and height. Additionally, the locations of the openings of the maxillary sinus ostiums were evaluated, and mucosal thickening, if any, was measured. Mucosal thickness measurements were made on coronal slices using NewTom's NNT viewer measuring tool. Similar to Chen et al., the sinus membrane thickness was measured perpendicular to the bone wall, from the maximum thickest region. Similar to Chen et al.'s classification of sinus membrane thickness measurements, which used Block and Dostoury's classification, the mucosal thickness was classified into three subgroups: membrane thicknesses <2 mm, 2-5 mm, and >5 mm. Also, similar to the article by Cho et al., the degree of inflammation in the maxillary sinus was	for three days from the beginning of the study
Antrolith volume measurement	3D reconstruction and volume measurements of antroliths were performed using the ITK SNAP software (free software under the GNU General Public License developed by the National Institutes of Health, the US National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioenergy needs, the US National Library of Medicine, the Universities of Pennsylvania and North Carolina, and an independent group of developers).	for three days from the beginning of the study
Different images evaluation for antrolit	In addition, the visibility of antroliths detected on CBCT was also evaluated using panoramic radiographs taken from the patient (Fig 2). The detectability of antroliths in DPRs was evaluated by observers as detectable, suspicious, and undetectable.	for three days from the beginning of the study

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Training and Research Hospital

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 1, 2024
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 22, 2024
• Study Completion (Actual): December 23, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 24, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 2, 2025
• First Posted (Actual): March 25, 2025

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 25, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 2, 2025
• Last Verified: January 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: cone beam computed tomography; maxillary sinus; panoramic radiography; Lithiasis
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2024/299

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No