Effect of Bergamot and Plant Sterols Extract on Serum Lipid Profile

August 1, 2025 updated by: Hande Seven Avuk, Istanbul Bilgi University

Effect of Dietary Supplement Containing Bergamot and Plant Sterols Extract on Serum Lipid Profile

The consumption of 2 grams of plant sterols per day has been demonstrated to positively affect total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, as supported by various clinical guidelines. These compounds do not exhibit any adverse side effects. The European Society of Cardiology's Dyslipidemia Guidelines indicate that among lifestyle modifications aimed at reducing total cholesterol and LDL, the consumption of functional foods enriched with phytosterols should be included as a high-level recommendation.

Bergamot is a citrus fruit rich in flavonoids. Research on bergamot fruit extract has indicated its ability to lower total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels while increasing high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol levels. Furthermore, evidence suggests that it may help reduce high serum uric acid levels, which can pose a risk for cardiovascular diseases. The flavonoids in bergamot fruit extract contribute to the reduction of cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Additionally, it has a high capacity to prevent LDL oxidation. A study on individuals with metabolic syndrome observed significant and sustained reductions in serum cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and glucose in those consuming bergamot. This effect was accompanied by significant improvements in vascular reactivity in patients with hyperlipidemia and elevated serum glucose levels.

Bergamot also exhibits the ability to inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Due to their structural similarity to cholesterol, plant sterols help block the intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol. They provide benefits at the absorption level and increase cholesterol excretion via bile and fecal pathways. The existence of known side effects associated with cholesterol-lowering medications, such as statins- including muscle cramps, myopathy, increased risk of muscle toxicity, liver damage, and neuropathy-has created a need for complementary or alternative approaches to treating dyslipidemia. This research will consider the potential of both plant sterols and bergamot as dietary supplements.

While cholesterol-lowering diets assist in reducing LDL, glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, they do not enhance HDL levels. Because bergamot is known to increase HDL, it could provide an additional benefit in lipid profile regulation. A meta-analysis that studied various phytochemical supplements found that bergamot was the most effective in reducing total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels while increasing HDL levels. This study examines the effects of dietary supplementation containing plant sterols and bergamot on blood lipid profiles.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

This randomised clinical study, which aims to recruit 69 participants, will include individuals with abnormalities in their blood lipid profiles. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 will receive a cholesterol-lowering diet; Group 2 will take bergamot with phytosterol/stanol supplements; and Group 3 will follow both a cholesterol-lowering diet and consume bergamot with phytosterol/stanol supplements. Participation in the study is voluntary and ethics committee approval has been obtained. Participants will take 2 tablets of bergamot and phytosterol/stanol supplements daily for 12 weeks, either on an empty stomach or with meals. Each 2-tablet dose will contain 375 mg of bergamot fruit extract containing 150 mg of flavonoids and 800 mg of plant sterols obtained from coniferous trees. Participants will be given detailed information about the study at the beginning and those who wish to participate will be asked to sign an informed consent form. Sample Size The sample size for the study was calculated using G*Power 3.1.9.7 software. Considering the research design, sample calculations were performed using ANOVA F test for group differences. Based on Cohen's medium effect size (d=0.5), 0.05 significance level (α=0.05) and desired power of 0.95, the minimum sample size required for inclusion in the study was determined as 66.

Statistical Analyses The findings of the study will be analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM-SPSS) version 25. In the thesis, categorical variables will be summarized using frequency distributions, while quantitative variables will be defined using mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values. In order to reveal the relationships between variables and the differences between variable levels, both parametric and nonparametric methods will be used depending on the normality of the data. The normality of quantitative variables will be evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Parametric methods will be used for variables that show a normal distribution, and nonparametric alternatives will be used for variables that do not conform to a normal distribution. Significance will be determined at the p<0.05 level.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

61

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey
      • İstanbul, Turkey
        • Istanbul Bilgi University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Adults individuals who were diagnosed hyperlipidemia
  • Individuals suitable for taking supplement

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Chronic liver disease,
  • Chronic kidney disease,
  • Heart failure, infarction or cerebrovascular disease,
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women,
  • Severe psychiatric disorders,
  • Oncological diseases,
  • People using medications that may interact with black seed oil (anticoagulant, antihypertensive, etc.)
  • People using antilipidemic or anticholesterolemic medications in the last 3 months
  • People with citrus allergies
  • People who do not do heavy exercise
  • People using any dietary supplements
  • People with a known history of allergies
  • People who do not regularly consume alcohol
  • People with special dietary requirements

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Diet Group
Low-fat, low-cholesterol heart-protective diet
Behavioral: Diet
Low-fat, low-cholesterol heart-protective diet
Other Names:
  • Low-fat, low-cholesterol heart-protective diet
Experimental: Supplement Group
Plant sterol/stanol supplement with bergamot
Dietary supplement: Diet supplementation
2 tablets/daily bergamot and plant sterol/stanol supplement (375 mg bergamot fruit extract, 800 mg plant sterols and 150 mg flavonoids) for 12 weeks
Experimental: Diet and Supplement Group
Plant sterol/stanol supplement with bergamot and Low-fat, low-cholesterol heart-protective diet
Behavioral: Diet
Low-fat, low-cholesterol heart-protective diet
Other Names:
  • Low-fat, low-cholesterol heart-protective diet
Dietary supplement: Diet supplementation
2 tablets/daily bergamot and plant sterol/stanol supplement (375 mg bergamot fruit extract, 800 mg plant sterols and 150 mg flavonoids) for 12 weeks

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Biochemical Measurements - Fasting blood glucose
Time Frame: 12 weeks
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) will be analyzed in the hospital biochemistry laboratory using routine methods from blood samples taken by a nurse at the beginning and end of the study.
12 weeks
Biochemical Measurement - Lipid Profile
Time Frame: 12 weeks
Participants' biochemical tests (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, (mg/dL) will be analyzed in the hospital biochemistry laboratory using routine methods at the beginning and end of the study from blood samples taken by a nurse after at least 12 hours of fasting and without consuming alcohol for 24 hours before.
12 weeks
Biochemical Measurements - Liver Enzymes
Time Frame: 12 weeks
Participants' liver enzymes tests (ALT and AST) (IU) will be analyzed in the hospital biochemistry laboratory using routine methods at the beginning and end of the study from blood samples taken by a nurse after at least 12 hours of fasting and without consuming alcohol for 24 hours before.
12 weeks
Biochemical Measurements - CRP
Time Frame: 12 weeks
Participants' c-reactive protein tests (CRP) (mg/L) will be analyzed in the hospital biochemistry laboratory using routine methods at the beginning and end of the study from blood samples taken by a nurse after at least 12 hours of fasting and without consuming alcohol for 24 hours before.
12 weeks
Biochemical Measurements - Uric Acid Levels
Time Frame: 12 weeks
Participants' serum uric acid tests (mg/dL) will be analyzed in the hospital biochemistry laboratory using routine methods at the beginning and end of the study from blood samples taken by a nurse after at least 12 hours of fasting and without consuming alcohol for 24 hours before.
12 weeks
Anthropometric Measurements - Body weight (kg)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
At the beginning and end of the study, body weights (kg) will be measured using a bioelectrical impedance (BIA) device with a sensitivity of 50 grams in accordance with the measurement standards.
12 weeks
Anthropometric Measurements - Height
Time Frame: 1 week
Height (cm) will be measured with a stadiometer in the Frankfort plane, standing and with the head upright.
1 week
Body Mass Index
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The body mass index (BMI) of the participants will calculated according to the body weight (kg) / height (m)2 formula.
12 weeks
Body Mass Index Classification
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The body mass index (BMI) of the participants is classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2 is underweight, between 18.5-24.99 kg/m2 is normal, ≥ 25 kg/m2 is overweight, and ≥ 30 kg/m2 is obese.
12 weeks
Anthropometric Measurements - Fat Mass
Time Frame: 12 weeks
At the beginning and end of the study, body fat mass (kg) analysis will be performed using a bioelectrical impedance (BIA) device, paying attention to measurement standards.
12 weeks
Anthropometric Measurements - Fat ratio calculation
Time Frame: 12 weeks
At the beginning and end of the study, body composition analyses will be performed using a bioelectrical impedance (BIA) device with measurement standards. According to the BIA analysis, fat percentage (%) will be calculated as the ratio of total body fat weight to total body weight.
12 weeks
Anthropometric Measurements - Fat-free mass
Time Frame: 12 weeks
At the beginning and end of the study, fat-free mass (kg) will be analyzed using a bioelectrical impedance (BIA) device, paying attention to measurement standards.
12 weeks
Anthropometric Measurements - Muscle mass
Time Frame: 12 weeks
At the beginning and end of the study, lean muscle mass (kg) will be analyzed using a bioelectrical impedance (BIA) device, paying attention to measurement standards.
12 weeks
Anthropometric Measurements - Total body water
Time Frame: 12 weeks
At the beginning and end of the study, total body water (kg) will be analyzed using a bioelectrical impedance (BIA) device, paying attention to measurement standards.
12 weeks
Anthropometric Measurements - Waist circumference
Time Frame: 12 weeks
At the beginning and end of the study, waist circumference will be measured with a non-flexible tape measure at the midpoint between the lowest rib and the crystalline prominence.
12 weeks
Anthropometric Measurements - Hip circumference
Time Frame: 12 weeks
At the beginning and end of the study, the individual will be asked to stand upright with their arms at their sides and their feet side by side when measuring hip circumference. The Frankfort plane will be provided. The individual will be measured with a tape measure from the right side, determining the highest point of the hip (from the side).
12 weeks
Anthropometric Measurements - Waist/Height Ratio
Time Frame: 12 weeks
Waist/height ratio will be obtained by dividing waist circumference by height at the beginning and end of the study.
12 weeks
Anthropometric Measurements - Waist/Hip Ratio
Time Frame: 12 weeks
Waist/hip ratio will be obtained by dividing waist circumference by hip circumference.
12 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Physical Activity Levels
Time Frame: 1 week
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) Short Form, developed by Craig et al. and whose Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Öztürk, will be used to assess the physical activity levels of the participants. In the IPAQ short form (7 questions) assessment, the energy required for activities will be calculated with the Metabolic Equivalent Task minutes per week (MET-minutes) score. The calculation of the total score includes the sum of the duration (minutes) and frequency (days) of walking, moderate-intensity activity and vigorous activity. The physically inactive group is determined as those below 600 MET-min/week, moderately active between 600-3000 MET-min/week, active above 3000 MET-min/week, very active above 1500 MET-min/week and at least 3 days of vigorous activity or above 3000 MET-min/week and at least 7 days of walking.
1 week
Food Consumption Record
Time Frame: 3 days
The food consumption record will be taken to evaluate the nutritional status of the participants. Food consumption records will be evaluated in the BeBIS (Nutrition Information System) program and the daily energy (kcal) intake will be calculated.
3 days
Food Consumption Record
Time Frame: 3 days
The food consumption record will be taken to evaluate the nutritional status of the participants. Food consumption records will be evaluated in the BeBIS (Nutrition Information System) program and the daily carbohydrate (g), protein (g), fat (g), saturated fat (g), monounsaturated fatty acid (g), polyunsaturated fatty acid (g), omega-3 fatty acids (g), omega-6 fatty acids (g), and fiber (g) intake will be calculated.
3 days
Food Consumption Record
Time Frame: 3 days
The food consumption record will be taken to evaluate the nutritional status of the participants. Food consumption records will be evaluated in the BeBIS (Nutrition Information System) program and the daily vitamin A (µg), vitamin D (µg), vitamin K (µg), folate (µg), and vitamin B12 (µg) intake will be calculated.
3 days
Food Consumption Record
Time Frame: 3 days
The food consumption record will be taken to evaluate the nutritional status of the participants. Food consumption records will be evaluated in the BeBIS (Nutrition Information System) program and the daily vitamin E (mg), thiamine (mg), riboflavine (mg), niacin (mg), vitamine B5 (mg), vitamin B6 (mg), vitamin C, sodium (mg), potassium (mg), calcium (mg), magnesium (mg), phosphor (mg), iron (mg), zinc (mg), copper (mg), cholesterol (mg) intake will be calculated.
3 days

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Istanbul Bilgi University

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Hande Seven Avuk, Istanbul Bilgi University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

January 4, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

May 20, 2025

Study Completion (Actual)

May 30, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

April 6, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

April 14, 2025

First Posted (Actual)

April 16, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

August 3, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

August 1, 2025

Last Verified

April 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • BERGAMIAPLANTSTEROLSTUDY

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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