Effects of Multifidus Lift Exercise on Endurance, Pain, and Disability in University Students With Low Back Pain (LBP-MULEX)

September 14, 2025 updated by: Mehmet Akif Guler

Evaluation of the Effects of Multifidus Lift Exercise on Endurance, Pain, and Disability in University Students With Low Back Pain

Nonspecific low back pain is a common musculoskeletal problem that also affects many young adults, including university students. It can negatively impact academic performance, daily life, and overall well-being. Research shows that stabilization exercises targeting the lumbar multifidus muscle play an important role in rehabilitation, but it is unclear whether modified versions of these exercises may provide additional benefits.

This study will investigate a simple modification of the traditional "bird-dog" exercise, called the "Multifidus Lift Exercise." In this version, participants maintain the contralateral knee about 10 cm above the ground while in a four-point kneeling position. This adjustment is expected to increase multifidus activation and improve back endurance.

University students aged 18-25 with nonspecific low back pain will participate in a 6-week supervised program, performing the exercise twice weekly. A healthy control group without low back pain will also be included. The main outcome will be back extensor muscle endurance (Biering-Sørensen Test). In participants with back pain, pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale) and functional disability (Oswestry Disability Index) will also be measured.

The study aims to determine whether this low-cost, practical, and time-efficient exercise can improve muscle endurance, reduce pain, and decrease disability in young adults with low back pain. Results may provide evidence for an effective and accessible preventive and therapeutic approach in student populations.

Study Overview

Status

Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Background and Rationale. Nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) is highly prevalent in young adults and is associated with decreased academic performance, daily activity limitations, and reduced well-being. Stabilization exercises targeting segmental control-particularly the lumbar multifidus-are widely supported in rehabilitation literature. Conventional four-point kneeling ("bird-dog") activates multifidus and erector spinae; however, whether targeted modifications can yield greater multifidus activation remains insufficiently studied. This study evaluates a simple, low-cost modification termed the "Multifidus Lift Exercise" (MLE): in quadruped, the contralateral knee is maintained ~10 cm off the ground to bias multifidus recruitment. We hypothesize that MLE will improve lumbar extensor endurance and, in participants with NSLBP, reduce pain and disability.

Objectives and Research Questions. Primary objective: determine the effect of a 6-week supervised MLE program (2 sessions/week) on lumbar extensor endurance (Biering-Sørensen test). Secondary objectives (NSLBP group): assess changes in pain (10-cm VAS) and functional disability (Oswestry Disability Index, Turkish validated version). Key research questions test whether MLE increases endurance and reduces pain/disability in NSLBP, and whether endurance differs between NSLBP and healthy students.

Design and Setting. Single-center, interventional, non-randomized, parallel-group, pre-post design conducted at the Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation Exercise Hall, Selçuk University (Konya, Türkiye). Two cohorts will be observed under the same intervention protocol: (1) university students (18-25 y) with NSLBP and (2) healthy controls without recent low back pain. Allocation is based on current status (no randomization). Masking is not feasible (exercise behavior). Primary purpose: treatment/rehabilitation.

Intervention (Exercise Protocol). All participants receive an initial brief training on isolated multifidus activation and motor control principles. Each supervised session includes standardized warm-up (5 min brisk walk; mobilization; hamstring stretch), the MLE performed slowly and with breath control, and cool-down (static stretches). Repetition progression: weeks 1-2: 8-10 reps; weeks 3-4: 10-12; weeks 5-6: 12-15, emphasizing form and endurance. A 3-week pilot (2 sessions/week) mirrors the 6-week protocol in compressed form (wk1→8-10; wk2→10-12; wk3→12-15) to estimate effect size for main-study sample size planning.

Outcomes and Assessments. Primary outcome is Biering-Sørensen endurance time (seconds) in both groups. Secondary outcomes in NSLBP include VAS pain and ODI (%). Measurements occur at baseline and post-intervention. Adverse symptoms prompting immediate pause (e.g., dizziness, undue fatigue) are recorded session-wise.

See "Outcome Measures" and "Time Frame" modules for exact definitions and schedules.

Participants and Eligibility. Target population: Selçuk University students aged 18-25. Two cohorts (NSLBP vs healthy) are defined by clinical status and physician clearance for exercise. Inclusion/exclusion criteria address red flags, recent surgery or neurological deficits, pregnancy, regular analgesic use, high-load sports, and recent structured exercise that could confound endurance.

Complete criteria are provided in the "Eligibility" module.

Sample Size and Pilot-Informed Planning. The pilot (n≈20; 10 NSLBP/10 healthy) will provide effect size estimates (Cohen's d) to power the main study via G*Power. The anticipated main-study enrollment will be balanced across cohorts per power analysis.

Statistical Analysis (Summary). Analyses will use two-tailed α=0.05 with 95% CIs (IBM SPSS). Descriptives will summarize baseline characteristics. Normality will guide test selection. Between-group comparisons for endurance (NSLBP vs healthy) will use t-test or Mann-Whitney U. Within-group pre-post changes (endurance for both groups; VAS/ODI for NSLBP) will use paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank. Where appropriate, repeated-measures ANOVA (with Greenhouse-Geisser adjustment) will model time effects; ANCOVA may adjust for baseline imbalances. Exploratory Pearson/Spearman correlations will assess relationships among endurance, pain, and disability; multiple linear regression may evaluate predictors of disability change.

Safety and Monitoring. This is a low-risk, behavioral exercise intervention. Sessions are supervised by study staff; standardized stop rules (e.g., onset of dizziness, dyspnea, undue fatigue, new pain flare) are applied. A formal Data Monitoring Committee is not planned; safety is monitored by the investigative team at each session. Adverse events and withdrawals are documented.

Ethics and Oversight. Ethics approval was granted by the Selçuk University Faculty of Health Sciences Ethics Committee for Non-Interventional Clinical Investigations (Decision/Approval No: 2025/674; Meeting No: 05; Ref: 2025/05; Date: 30/04/2025). Participation is voluntary with written informed consent. Data are handled under the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable regulations (including Turkish KVKK). De-identified, aggregate results will be disseminated.

Data Handling and Dissemination. De-identified data will be analyzed and reported in aggregate. Individual participant data sharing is not planned. Findings will be prepared for peer-reviewed publication and scientific meetings, and may inform practical, community-oriented exercise programs for student populations.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

40

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Konya
      • Konya, Konya, Turkey (Türkiye), 42130
        • Selcuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
        • Contact:

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age between 18 and 25 years

Currently enrolled as a university student at Selçuk University

Willing to participate voluntarily and sign informed consent form

Medically suitable for exercise participation

For NSCLBP group:

History of nonspecific chronic low back pain within the past 3 months

Physician confirmation of nonspecific low back pain

Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) ≥ 21% (moderate disability)

Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score ≥ 3.5

For Healthy control group:

No history of low back pain within the past 3 months

Physician confirmation of no contraindications for exercise

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Presence of radicular pain or nerve root compression symptoms

History of spinal surgery

Neurological deficits within the past 3 months (e.g., muscle weakness, reflex loss, paresthesia)

Systemic infection or systemic disease affecting participation

Cardiovascular or pulmonary disease contraindicating exercise

Clinical "red flag" symptoms (e.g., saddle anesthesia, bowel/bladder incontinence, fever, known cancer)

Pregnancy

Regular use of analgesics, muscle relaxants, or anti-inflammatory medications

Participation in regular exercise programs in the past 3 months

Active involvement in sports directly affecting lumbar muscles (e.g., fitness, pilates, yoga, swimming)

Inability to comply with exercise sessions or study protocol

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Non-Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: NSCLBP Students - Modified Multifidus Lift Exercise
University students aged 18-25 years with nonspecific chronic low back pain. Participants will perform the supervised modified Multifidus Lift Exercise protocol, twice weekly for 6 weeks. Each session includes warm-up, exercise progression (8-15 repetitions depending on week), and cool-down. Outcomes: lumbar extensor endurance (primary), pain intensity (VAS), and functional disability (ODI).
Behavioral: Modified Multifidus Lift Exercise (MLE)
A supervised stabilization exercise protocol designed to selectively activate the lumbar multifidus muscle. In the quadruped position, the contralateral knee is maintained approximately 10 cm above the ground while the participant performs controlled trunk stabilization. Sessions are conducted twice weekly for 6 weeks, each including warm-up (5 minutes brisk walk, mobilization, hamstring stretch), the modified Multifidus Lift Exercise with progressive repetitions (weeks 1-2: 8-10, weeks 3-4: 10-12, weeks 5-6: 12-15), and cool-down (static stretches). All sessions are supervised to ensure correct form, breathing control, and safety.
Other Names:
  • Modified Bird-Dog Exercise
  • Multifidus Lift
Experimental: Healthy Students - Modified Multifidus Lift Exercise
Healthy university students aged 18-25 years without low back pain in the past 3 months. Participants will perform the same supervised modified Multifidus Lift Exercise protocol, twice weekly for 6 weeks, with identical warm-up, exercise progression, and cool-down. Outcome: lumbar extensor endurance (Biering-Sørensen Test).
Behavioral: Modified Multifidus Lift Exercise (MLE)
A supervised stabilization exercise protocol designed to selectively activate the lumbar multifidus muscle. In the quadruped position, the contralateral knee is maintained approximately 10 cm above the ground while the participant performs controlled trunk stabilization. Sessions are conducted twice weekly for 6 weeks, each including warm-up (5 minutes brisk walk, mobilization, hamstring stretch), the modified Multifidus Lift Exercise with progressive repetitions (weeks 1-2: 8-10, weeks 3-4: 10-12, weeks 5-6: 12-15), and cool-down (static stretches). All sessions are supervised to ensure correct form, breathing control, and safety.
Other Names:
  • Modified Bird-Dog Exercise
  • Multifidus Lift

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Lumbar Extensor Muscle Endurance (Biering-Sørensen Test)
Time Frame: Baseline (pre-test) and after 6 weeks of intervention.
Endurance of the lumbar extensor muscles will be assessed using the standardized Biering-Sørensen Test. Participants lie prone with the upper body unsupported beyond the table edge while the pelvis and lower limbs are stabilized. The duration (in seconds) that the participant can maintain the horizontal position without >10° deviation is recorded.
Baseline (pre-test) and after 6 weeks of intervention.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Pain Intensity (Visual Analog Scale, VAS)
Time Frame: Baseline (pre-test) and after 6 weeks of intervention.
Pain intensity will be measured using a 10-cm Visual Analog Scale, where 0 indicates "no pain" and 10 indicates "worst imaginable pain." Participants in the NSCLBP group will mark their pain level on the scale, and the distance (cm) from the "no pain" anchor will be recorded.
Baseline (pre-test) and after 6 weeks of intervention.
Functional Disability (Oswestry Disability Index, ODI)
Time Frame: Baseline (pre-test) and after 6 weeks of intervention.
The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) will be used to assess the impact of low back pain on daily living. It consists of 10 items scored 0-5, with higher scores indicating greater disability. The total score will be converted into a percentage. Only participants in the NSCLBP group will complete the ODI.
Baseline (pre-test) and after 6 weeks of intervention.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Mehmet Akif Guler

Collaborators

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Helpful Links

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

October 1, 2025

Primary Completion (Estimated)

January 31, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

February 28, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

September 14, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

September 14, 2025

First Posted (Estimated)

September 19, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Estimated)

September 19, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

September 14, 2025

Last Verified

September 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • SUTUBITAK996
  • 1919B012413996 (Other Grant/Funding Number: TUBITAK)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

IPD Plan Description

The decision on IPD sharing will be made after study completion and in accordance with institutional and ethical guidelines

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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