The Effect of BWSTT on Neuroendocrine Profile and Functional Recovery in Stroke Patients

Effects of Intensive Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT) on Neurohormonal Profile and Functional Outcomes in Subacute Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of intensive Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT) on the neuroendocrine system and functional recovery in patients during the subacute phase of ischemic stroke. The investigators aim to determine how structured locomotor training influences the concentration of selected neurohormones and how these changes correlate with improvements in gait and balance. Participants undergo a 3-week intensive rehabilitation program, with assessments performed before and after the intervention to identify biomarkers of recovery.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Stroke, Ischemic; Subacute Stroke
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT); Behavioral: Overground Training

Detailed Description

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to compare the effects of Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT) with traditional overground gait training in patients in the subacute phase of ischemic stroke (2-6 weeks post-stroke). Both groups received 15 gait training sessions (5 sessions per week over 3 weeks) in addition to standard neurorehabilitation. Assessments were performed at baseline and after completion of the 3-week program.

The analysis included:

Biochemical parameters: plasma concentrations of cortisol, melatonin, serotonin, and β-endorphins.

Functional variables: static and dynamic balance, mobility, risk of falls, gait speed, and walking capacity.

Quality of life and the degree of disability/independence.

Additionally, a long-term follow-up was conducted via telephone interviews at 6, 12, 18 months, and 5 years post-intervention to assess social participation, functional status, and long-term health outcomes (mortality and stroke recurrence). A further 10-year follow-up is planned to evaluate the long-term sustainability of the intervention effects.

Experimental Group (BWSTT): Participants underwent 15 sessions (30 minutes each, 5 days/week for 3 weeks) of Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT) using the Parestand device. A constant 25% dynamic body-weight unloading was applied. Training intensity was monitored to maintain 40-85% of Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) and a perceived exertion of < 4 on the Modified Borg Scale (0-10). Sessions included a 3-minute warm-up and cool-down. Physical therapists provided manual facilitation of the pelvis and paretic limb as needed. In the morning (08:00-10:00), all participants received a standardized 90-minute neurorehabilitation session (NDT-Bobath/PNF) to ensure motor priming.

Control Group (Overground Training): Participants underwent 15 sessions (30 minutes each, 5 days/week for 3 weeks) of traditional overground gait training. To ensure comparability, sessions were matched in duration and intensity (40-85% HRR, Modified Borg < 4). Training focused on manual gait correction, balance exercises, and fall prevention on natural surfaces. Like the experimental group, all control participants received the same standardized 90-minute morning neurorehabilitation (NDT-Bobath/PNF).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 40
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Poland
  • Małopolska
    • Krzeszowice, Małopolska, Poland, 32-065
      • Małopolski Szpital Rehabilitacyjny

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• First-ever unilateral ischemic stroke (right or left hemisphere) confirmed by MRI.
• Subacute phase of stroke (between 2 and 6 weeks post-incident).
• Age between 45 and 85 years.
• Balance: A score of ≥ 21/56 points on the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), ensuring the ability to safely maintain a standing position.
• Mobility: Baseline gait speed ≥ 0.4 m/s (classified as Limited Community Ambulation).
• Permitted Aids: Use of orthopedic aids (quadripod, cane, walker) and foot stabilization (e.g., Thera-Band).
• Physical Capacity: Ability to complete the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) without requiring rest breaks.
• Cognitive Status: MMSE score ≥ 23 (ensuring the ability to understand and follow instructions).
• Informed, written patient consent provided in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Neurological Profile: Hemorrhagic stroke, recurrent stroke, bilateral stroke, or lesions localized in the cerebellum or brainstem.
• Functional Dependence: Requirement for constant, hands-on physical assistance from third parties to maintain upright gait (despite the use of orthopedic aids).

Medical Contraindications: Cardiorespiratory instability (e.g., uncontrolled hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia), recent fractures, or advanced degenerative joint changes preventing safe verticalization.

• Pharmacological Interference: Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) or other medications significantly affecting the neuroendocrine profile (e.g., hormone replacement therapy, corticosteroids).
• Communication & Cognitive Barriers: Global or profound sensory aphasia, or severe cognitive impairment (MMSE < 23) preventing effective cooperation.
• Co-morbidities: Any neurologic (e.g., Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis), orthopedic, rheumatological, or internal conditions (including active malignancy, severe systemic infections, or untreated metabolic disorders) that could interfere with the intervention's safety or the integrity of hormonal and functional assays.
• Consent: Withdrawal of consent or lack of voluntary, written consent to participate in the study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Experimental Group (BWSTT); Participants in this group received 15 sessions (30 minutes each, 5 days/week for 3 weeks) of Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT) using the Parestand device with 25% dynamic body-weight unloading. In addition, all participants received a standardized 90-minute morning neurorehabilitation session (NDT-Bobath/PNF).	Device: Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT); BWSTT was performed 15 times (30 min, 5 days/week, 3 weeks) using the Parestand device with 25% dynamic body weight support. Intensity was set at 40-85% HRR (Karvonen formula) and monitored via HR, SpO2 (>94%), and Borg scale (<4). Sessions followed AHA/ASA guidelines: 3-min warm-up, incremental main phase, and 3-min cool-down. The physiotherapist provided manual facilitation (pelvic stabilization, knee control) and auditory stimulation (motor priming) to improve gait symmetry. Progression involved increasing speed and duration based on tolerance. Safety criteria for termination included pain, dyspnea, SpO2 <94%, or Borg scale >7/10. In the morning (08:00-10:00), all participants received a standardized 90-min neurorehabilitation session (NDT-Bobath/PNF) focusing on muscle tone normalization and postural control. This combined approach ensured motor priming prior to the gait-specific intervention.
Active Comparator: Control Group (Overground Training); Participants in this group received 15 sessions (30 minutes each, 5 days/week for 3 weeks) of traditional overground gait training matched in duration and intensity (40-85% HRR) to the experimental group. In addition, all participants received the same standardized 90-minute morning neurorehabilitation session (NDT-Bobath/PNF).	Behavioral: Overground Training; Overground gait training was performed 15 times (30 min, 5 days/week, 3 weeks). Intensity was matched to the experimental group using the Karvonen formula (40-85% HRR) and Borg scale (<4). Sessions followed an identical structure (3-min warm-up/cool-down) and progression rules. Patients ambulated independently or with orthopedic aids. The physiotherapist supervised each session, correcting the gait pattern using neurophysiological techniques (hip approximation, manual resistance) to facilitate motor activity and ensure safety against falls. In the morning (08:00-10:00), all participants received the same standardized 90-min neurorehabilitation session (NDT-Bobath/PNF) focusing on muscle tone normalization and postural control to ensure motor priming. This baseline therapy was identical for both groups, with the gait training environment (overground vs. treadmill with BWS) being the primary differentiating factor.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Neuroendocrine Profile: Plasma Cortisol Level	Blood samples (5ml) were collected between 08:00-08:30 AM from the antecubital vein into K3EDTA vacuum tubes with aprotinin (50 KIU/ml). Samples were centrifuged (10 min, 3500 rpm), partitioned into Eppendorf tubes, and stored at -80°C. Only hemolysis- and lipemia-free plasma was analyzed. Concentrations were determined via ELISA using a BioTek ELx808IU reader. Methodology: Kits utilized: Cortisol ELISA (DiaMetra, Italy). Normal range: 60-230 ng/ml. All procedures followed manufacturer protocols via Gen5 software. This is part of the exploratory assessment of the neurohormonal response to Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT). Unit of Measure: Nanograms per milliliter	Baseline samples were collected on Day 2 of admission, and post-intervention samples were collected during the final week (Day 21), following 15 sessions of training
Functional Walking Capacity (6-Minute Walk Test)	The 6MWT assesses functional exercise capacity and endurance. Patients are instructed to walk as far as possible for 6 minutes on a flat, hard surface at a self-selected pace. Clinical Significance: A change of 37 to 66 meters is considered a clinically significant improvement for stroke patients (Perera S. 2006). The distance covered reflects the patient's cardiovascular and muscular adaptation to physical effort in daily activities. Higher values (greater distance in meters) indicate better functional exercise capacity.	Baseline (Day 2) and Post-intervention (Day 21, after 15 training sessions).
Short-distance Gait Speed (10-Meter Walk Test)	Measurement of walking speed at a comfortable pace. Patients walk a total of 14 meters, while the time is recorded for the central 10 meters to allow for acceleration and deceleration. Calculation: The time taken to walk the central 10 meters is recorded, and the average speed is calculated in meters per second (m/s). Clinical Significance: A change in gait speed of 0.15 - 0.25 m/s (Flansbjer U.B 2005) is considered a clinically significant improvement for stroke patients. Some studies suggest that in the subacute phase, an improvement of 0.08 - 0.14 m/s (Perera S. 2006) may already be clinically meaningful. It is assumed that achieving a speed of 0.8 m/s provides the patient with satisfactory independence (Perry J. 1995), and above 0.8 m/s - independence (Ada L. 2003). Higher values indicate better functional mobility. Unit of Measure: Meters per second	Baseline (Day 2) and Post-intervention (Day 21, after 15 training sessions).
Neuroendocrine Profile: Plasma Serotonin Level	Blood samples (5ml) were collected between 08:00-08:30 AM from the antecubital vein into K3EDTA vacuum tubes with aprotinin (50 KIU/ml). Samples were centrifuged (10 min, 3500 rpm), partitioned into Eppendorf tubes, and stored at -80°C. Only hemolysis- and lipemia-free plasma was analyzed. Concentrations were determined via ELISA using a BioTek ELx808IU reader. Methodology: Kits utilized: Serotonin ELISA (DLD Diagnostika, Germany). Normal range: 70-270 ng/ml. All procedures followed manufacturer protocols via Gen5 software. This is part of the exploratory assessment of the neurohormonal response to Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT). Unit of Measure: Nanograms per milliliter	Baseline samples were collected on Day 2 of admission, and post-intervention samples were collected during the final week (Day 21), following 15 sessions of training
Neuroendocrine Profile: Plasma Melatonin Level	Blood samples (5ml) were collected between 08:00-08:30 AM from the antecubital vein into K3EDTA vacuum tubes with aprotinin (50 KIU/ml). Samples were centrifuged (10 min, 3500 rpm), partitioned into Eppendorf tubes, and stored at -80°C. Only hemolysis- and lipemia-free plasma was analyzed. Concentrations were determined via ELISA using a BioTek ELx808IU reader. Methodology: Kits utilized: Human Melatonin ELISA (BT Lab, China). Normal range: 10-40 ng/l. All procedures followed manufacturer protocols via Gen5 software. This is part of the exploratory assessment of the neurohormonal response to Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT). Unit of Measure: Nanograms per liter	Baseline samples were collected on Day 2 of admission, and post-intervention samples were collected during the final week (Day 21), following 15 sessions of training
Neuroendocrine Profile: Plasma β-endorphin Level	Blood samples (5ml) were collected between 08:00-08:30 AM from the antecubital vein into K3EDTA vacuum tubes with aprotinin (50 KIU/ml). Samples were centrifuged (10 min, 3500 rpm), partitioned into Eppendorf tubes, and stored at -80°C. Only hemolysis- and lipemia-free plasma was analyzed. Concentrations were determined via ELISA using a BioTek ELx808IU reader. Methodology: Kits utilized: Human β-endorphin ELISA (BT Lab, China). Normal range: 10-50 ng/l. All procedures followed manufacturer protocols via Gen5 software. This is part of the exploratory assessment of the neurohormonal response to Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT). Unit of Measure: Nanograms per liter	Baseline samples were collected on Day 2 of admission, and post-intervention samples were collected during the final week (Day 21), following 15 sessions of training

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Static and Dynamic Balance (Berg Balance Scale - BBS)	The BBS is used to objectively determine the patient's ability to safely balance during a series of 14 specified tasks. Scoring: Each item is scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 to 4. Total scores range from 0 to 56. 0-20: wheel chair bound 21-40: walking with assistance 41-56: independent. Higher scores indicate better balance and functional mobility. Clinical Significance: For this study, the threshold for a clinically detectable change is set at a minimum of 6.9 points, following the criteria for early-stage stroke patients (Stevenson, 2001).	Baseline (Day 2) and Post-intervention (Day 21).
Functional Mobility and Fall Risk (Timed Up and Go - TUG).	The TUG test measures the time taken for a patient to rise from a standard armchair, walk 3 meters, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down. This test assesses dynamic balance, gait speed, and functional mobility. Clinical Significance: Results are recorded in seconds. Interpretation for stroke patients and elderly individuals: Less than 10 seconds: Normal mobility, independent. More than 14 seconds: Associated with an increased risk of falls. 20-30 seconds: Difficulties with mobility, requires assistance. More than 30 seconds: High risk of falls and significant mobility impairment. A shorter time (fewer seconds) indicates better functional mobility and a lower risk of falls.	Baseline (Day 2) and Post-intervention (Day 21).
Quality of Life: Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index (QLI) - Stroke Version III (Polish version)	Quality of life was assessed using the total score and four subscales (Health/Functioning, Socio-economic, Psychological/Spiritual, and Family). The measure consists of 36 items. Each item is rated in two parts: satisfaction (on a 1-6 scale) and importance (on a 1-6 scale). Scoring calculation: The total raw score is the sum of all 36 items across both parts (36 items × score × 2 parts).; Minimum score: 72 (calculated as 36 items × 1 point × 2 parts).; Maximum score: 432 (calculated as 36 items × 6 points × 2 parts). For this study, raw summed scores are reported. Total scores range from 72 to 432. Higher scores indicate a better quality of life.	Baseline (Day 2) and Post-intervention (Day 21).
Functional Independence: Barthel Index (ADL)	The Barthel Index is used to assess activities of daily living (ADL). It consists of 10 items (e.g., feeding, bathing, grooming, dressing, bowels, bladder, toilet use, transfers, mobility, and stairs). Scoring: The total score ranges from 0 to 20 points, where: 0-4: total dependence 5-9: severe dependence 10-14: moderate dependence 15-19: slight dependence 20: full independence. Higher scores indicate greater functional independence. Unit of Measure: Unit on a scale	Baseline (Day 2) and Post-intervention (Day 21).
Social Participation and Functional Status	Data collected via structured telephone interviews with the patient or designated family member/legal guardian. This assesses long-term social reintegration and functional maintenance.	6, 12, 18 months, 5 years, and 10 years post-intervention.
Long-term Safety and Health Outcomes (Recurrent Stroke and Mortality)	Monitoring of safety endpoints including the occurrence of recurrent stroke or mortality. Data is collected via structured telephone interviews with the patient or legal guardian.	6, 12, 18 months, 5 years, and 10 years post-intervention.
Life Satisfaction: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)	The SWLS measures global cognitive judgments of life satisfaction. Respondents indicate agreement with 5 items on a 7-point scale (raw scores range from 5-35). For this study, raw scores were converted into standardized sten scores ranging from 1 to 10. Interpretation of sten scores: 1-4 stens: low satisfaction 5-6 stens: average satisfaction 7-10 stens: high satisfaction. Higher sten scores indicate greater life satisfaction. Unit of Measure: Units on a scale (Sten scale)	Baseline (Day 2) and Post-intervention (Day 21).
Disability Level: Modified Rankin Scale (mRS)	: The Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is used to measure the degree of disability or dependence in the daily activities of people who have suffered a stroke. Scoring: The scale ranges from 0 to 6 points: 0: No symptoms at all; No significant disability despite symptoms; Slight disability; Moderate disability; Moderately severe disability; Severe disability; Dead. Lower scores indicate better functional outcomes. Unit of Measure: Unit on a scale.	Baseline (Day 2) and Post-intervention (Day 21).

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Jagiellonian University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Beata Stach, Department of Physiotherapy, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): July 3, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 20, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): May 24, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 19, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 24, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): March 2, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 2, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 24, 2026
• Last Verified: February 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Melatonin; Quality of life; Neuroplasticity; Cortisol; Serotonin; Neuroprotection; Neuroendocrinology; Gait rehabilitation; Locomotion; β-endorphins; BWSTT; Body Weight Support Treadmill Training
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cerebrovascular Disorders; Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Stroke; Ischemic Stroke
• Other Study ID Numbers: 122.6120.32.2016

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: Individual participant data will not be shared to protect the privacy of the participants and because the informed consent did not include a provision for public data sharing. The data are currently being used for the preparation of scientific publications.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No