CBCT and Audiological Analysis of the TMJ-Tinnitus Relationship

Investigation of the Interaction Between Temporomandibular Joint and Tinnitus Using CBCT and Audiological Methods: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and subjective tinnitus at both morphological and functional levels. Current literature suggests that somatosensory inputs from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and masticatory muscles can modulate auditory pathways, a phenomenon known as Somatosensory Tinnitus. However, the specific role of TMJ bone morphology and critical neighboring structures, such as the Petrotympanic Fissure (PTF), in this interaction remains unclear.

In this clinical study, patients with tinnitus will undergo a comprehensive evaluation including Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) to quantitatively analyze condylar morphology and osteoarthritic changes. Additionally, audiological tests will be performed to assess the functional state of the auditory system. This multidisciplinary approach aims to clarify the biological link between TMD and tinnitus, potentially improving diagnostic protocols and highlighting the importance of TMJ stabilization in tinnitus management.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tinnitus; Somatosensory Tinnitus; Osteoarthritis, Temporomandibular Joint
• Intervention / Treatment: Diagnostic test: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT); Diagnostic test: Audiological Assessment; Other: Clinical TMJ Examination

Detailed Description

Background and Rationale:

Tinnitus is defined as the conscious perception of sound in the absence of an external acoustic source. Subjective tinnitus, the most common form, is often associated with neuroplastic changes in the central auditory pathways. A specific subtype, Somatosensory Tinnitus (ST), occurs when afferent somatosensory input from the upper cervical or temporomandibular region modulates tinnitus perception. This interaction is mediated through neural connections between the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus (DCN) and somatosensory nuclei in the brainstem. Clinical observations indicate a high prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) among tinnitus patients, suggesting a biological link where TMD symptoms (pain, restricted movement, and muscle activity) influence the spontaneous neuronal firing rates in the auditory centers.

Study Objectives:

While evidence points to a strong interaction between TMJ somatosensory input and tinnitus, the roles of auditory function and TMJ bone morphology-specifically condylar changes and the Petrotympanic Fissure (PTF)-remain under-investigated. This study aims to provide a comprehensive multidisciplinary analysis by evaluating the auditory system through audiological tests and examining morphological changes in TMJ bone tissues using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).

Methodology:

Patients presenting to the Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) clinic with otological complaints (tinnitus and ear pain) and suspected of having TMD will be referred to the Dentomaxillofacial Radiology clinic.

Clinical Evaluation: A standardized anamnesis will be recorded, including demographics, systemic health, and bruxism history. Physical examination will involve bilateral palpation of the TMJ and masticatory muscles, alongside measurements of maximum mouth opening, lateral excursions, and protrusive movements.

Radiographic Protocol: CBCT images will be acquired using the Instrumentarium OP300 Dental unit (89 kvP, 4-12 mA) with patients in an upright position and maximum intercuspation.

Image Analysis: Using OnDemand 3D Dental software, a radiologist with 10 years of experience will evaluate:

Condylar Morphology: Classified as convex, round, angled, or flat.

Osteoarthritic Changes: Presence of flattening, resorption, subchondral cysts, sclerosis, and osteophytes.

Glenoid Fossa & PTF: Fossa depth will be measured. The PTF morphology will be categorized according to the Sato et al. classification:

Type 1 (Open): Fissure clearly visible.

Type 2 (Partially Open): Fissure partially closed.

Type 3 (Closed): Fissure completely ossified.

Hypothesis:

The investigators hypothesize that normalizing afferent input from the temporomandibular region through multidisciplinary TMD management may alleviate tinnitus symptoms, and that specific morphological variations in the TMJ/PTF complex are correlated with the severity of subjective tinnitus.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Estimated): 50

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: EDA İZGİ, Asst. Prof.; Phone Number: +905543578814; Email: eda.ucbas@ksbu.edu.tr

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • Kütahya
    • Kütahya, Kütahya, Turkey (Türkiye), 43020
      • Kütahya Health Sciences University
      • Contact: EDA İZGİ, Asst. Prof.; Phone Number: +905543578814; Email: eda.izgi@ksbu.edu.tr
      • Contact: TURAN CANMURAT İZGİ, Asst. Prof.; Phone Number: +905065076806; Email: canmuratizgi@gmail.com
      • Principal Investigator: Eda İzgi, Asst. Prof.
      • Sub-Investigator: Melike Yurttaş, Assoc. Prof.
      • Sub-Investigator: Turan Canmurat İzgi, Asst. Prof.
      • Sub-Investigator: Emine Altun, Res. Asst.

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Patients who applied to the Otorhinolaryngology clinic with tinnitus complaints and were subsequently diagnosed with TMD in the Dentomaxillofacial Radiology clinic

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients aged 18 years and older.
• Patients presenting with otological symptoms such as tinnitus and ear pain.
• Patients diagnosed with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) based on clinical and radiographic examination.
• Patients who have been referred for CBCT imaging as part of their routine diagnostic process for TMD.
• Willingness to provide written informed consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of objective tinnitus (e.g., vascular or muscular origin).
• History of chronic otitis media or other middle ear pathologies that could cause hearing loss or tinnitus.
• Previous history of temporomandibular joint surgery or major maxillofacial trauma.
• Presence of systemic metabolic bone diseases or inflammatory rheumatic diseases (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis).
• History of malignancy in the head and neck region.
• Pregnancy (due to CBCT imaging contraindication).
• Neurological or psychological disorders that would prevent cooperation during clinical and audiological examinations.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
TMD with Tinnitus (Case Group); Patients diagnosed with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) based on clinical examination and history, who also report co-existing subjective tinnitus. This group will be evaluated for both TMJ morphological changes (via CBCT) and audiological status.	Diagnostic test: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT); High-resolution 3D imaging of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) using the Instrumentarium OP300 Dental unit. The procedure involves evaluating condylar morphology, osteoarthritic changes (flattening, resorption, osteophytes), and the anatomical structure of the Petrotympanic Fissure (PTF) based on the Sato et al. classification.; Diagnostic test: Audiological Assessment; A comprehensive evaluation of the auditory system to determine hearing thresholds and the functional status of the ear. This includes pure tone audiometry and specific tests to characterize the frequency and intensity of tinnitus in the patient group.; Other: Clinical TMJ Examination; Systematic physical examination of the masticatory muscles and the TMJ. This includes bilateral palpation for pain and tenderness, assessment of mandibular range of motion (maximal mouth opening, lateral and protrusive movements), and recording of joint sounds (clicking or crepitation).
TMD without Tinnitus (Control Group); Patients diagnosed with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) but who do not experience any form of tinnitus (subjective or objective). This group serves as a control to compare the specific TMJ morphological variations and audiological findings associated with the presence of tinnitus.	Diagnostic test: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT); High-resolution 3D imaging of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) using the Instrumentarium OP300 Dental unit. The procedure involves evaluating condylar morphology, osteoarthritic changes (flattening, resorption, osteophytes), and the anatomical structure of the Petrotympanic Fissure (PTF) based on the Sato et al. classification.; Diagnostic test: Audiological Assessment; A comprehensive evaluation of the auditory system to determine hearing thresholds and the functional status of the ear. This includes pure tone audiometry and specific tests to characterize the frequency and intensity of tinnitus in the patient group.; Other: Clinical TMJ Examination; Systematic physical examination of the masticatory muscles and the TMJ. This includes bilateral palpation for pain and tenderness, assessment of mandibular range of motion (maximal mouth opening, lateral and protrusive movements), and recording of joint sounds (clicking or crepitation).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Frequency of Petrotympanic Fissure (PTF) Morphological Types	The morphology of the PTF will be categorized into three types according to the Sato et al. classification: Type 1 (Open), Type 2 (Partially Open), and Type 3 (Closed) using CBCT imaging.	Baseline (at the time of the single CBCT scan during the initial clinical visit).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Presence of Osteoarthritic Changes in the Mandibular Condyle	Evaluation of degenerative changes including flattening, resorption, subchondral cysts, generalized sclerosis, and osteophytes on CBCT images. Each change will be recorded as "present" or "absent".	Baseline.
Pure Tone Thresholds	Evaluation of hearing levels across standard frequencies (250 Hz to 8000 Hz) measured in decibels (dB).	Baseline
Maximum Pain-Free Mouth Opening	Measurement of the distance between the incisal edges of the upper and lower central incisors during maximum mouth opening, recorded in millimeters (mm).	Baseline.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Kutahya Health Sciences University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Cakur B, Yasa Y. Correlation Between Tinnitus and Petrotympanic Fissure Status Among Patients With Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Jan;74(1):47-52. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.07.020. Epub 2015 Jul 31.
• Buergers R, Kleinjung T, Behr M, Vielsmeier V. Is there a link between tinnitus and temporomandibular disorders? J Prosthet Dent. 2014 Mar;111(3):222-7. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2013.10.001. Epub 2013 Nov 25.
• Sato I, Arai H, Asaumi R, Imura K, Kawai T, Yosue T. Classifications of tunnel-like structure of human petrotympanic fissure by cone beam CT. Surg Radiol Anat. 2008 Jun;30(4):323-6. doi: 10.1007/s00276-008-0327-4. Epub 2008 Feb 21.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): April 1, 2026
• Primary Completion (Estimated): May 1, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): July 1, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 20, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 4, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): March 10, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 10, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 4, 2026
• Last Verified: March 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Audiometry; Tinnitus; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Neurologic Manifestations; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Stomatognathic Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Muscular Diseases; Arthritis; Joint Diseases; Rheumatic Diseases; Jaw Diseases; Mandibular Diseases; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Sensation Disorders; Ear Diseases; Hearing Disorders; Craniomandibular Disorders; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Signs and Symptoms; Osteoarthritis; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tinnitus; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Diagnosis; Tomography; Diagnostic Imaging; Radiography; Tomography, X-Ray; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2026/02-45

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: The individual participant data will not be available to other researchers to maintain patient confidentiality and as per the ethics committee approval.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No