The Feasibility and Safety of RK-4 Injection Bypassing Blood-brain Barrier in the Treatment of Acute Large Hemispheric Infarction Using Intracalvariosseous Injection Device (SOLUTION-ICD)

A pilot study confirmed the feasibility and safety of neuroprotectant RK-4 intracalvariosseous(ICO) injection in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (mMCAI), showing a trend in improving 90-day functional scores compared to conventional treatment. The aim of this trial is to investigate the feasibility and safety of neuroprotective agent RK-4 injection using intracalvariosseous injection device in patients with acute large hemispheric infarction (LHI) who has contraindications of reperfusion therapy or have got poor reperfusion therapy outcomes.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Stroke; Acute Ischemic Stroke; Blood-Brain Barrier
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Conventional treatment; Device: RK-4 ICO injection

Detailed Description

The mortality rate of large hemispheric infarction (LHI) is up to 40%-60%, while current available treatment is limited. Mainstream therapeutics include endovascular reperfusion therapy and decompressive craniectomy. But endovascular-reperfusion has limits such as short time window and hemorrhagic transformation risk, while decompressive craniectomy can reduce mortality but not infarct volume. Curative effect of intravenous injection of neuroprotective drugs is severely limited because of the blood-brain barrier. Microchannels connecting the skull bone marrow and dura may be effective drug delivery shortcuts bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Cytoprotective drug RK-4 affects dual aspects of ischemic cascade by disrupting both function of the synaptic folding post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), as well as α2-v#Aminobutyric acid type A receptor (α2-GABAAR) agonist. Phase I and Phase II clinical trials have confirmed the safety and efficacy of intravenous infusion of RK-4 in treating cerebral infarction, with the optimal dosage being 40mg. Preclinical testing proved that ICO injection of RK-4 solution 24h post rat permanent middle cerebral artery infarction reduced rat infarction volume and improved neurological function. Previously, our team has conducted the RK-4 intracalvariosseous administration in the earlier SOLUTION clinical trail through the existing neurosurgical devices. Although the safety and efficacy were preliminarily demonstrated, present administration device is not minimally invasive and requires operation in the ICU, which leads to a higher risk of the inner plate penetration. The new intracalvariosseous injection device shows promising prospective in precise control of the drilling speed and depth, and better achievement of accurate, high-efficiency and microinvasive drug delivery.

The study is a single-centered, prospective, randomized, open-label study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility and safety of RK-4 injection using intracalvariosseous injection device in acute LHI patients with contraindications of reperfusion therapy or poor outcomes.

Patients will be randomly assigned to one of the following 2 groups at 1:1 ratio.

ICO injection group: RK-4 ICO injection through intracalvariosseous injection device (using an electric bone drill to drill 3 holes (each for 1-time administration) from the outer plate of the skull without penetrating the inner cranial plate), dose was given as 32 ug/kg once a day for 3 consecutive days, as well as standard treatment and management according to the related guidelines. Conventional treatment group: Conventional treatment group will receive standard treatment and management according to related guidelines.

Face to face interviews will be made on baseline, 4±1 days after randomization, 8±1 days after randomization, 14±1 days after randomization or discharge day, and 90±7 days,180±14 days after randomization.

The primary outcomes include feasibility outcomes and safety outcomes. Feasibility Outcomes include the internal plate of skull was drilled thoroughly, drug leakage during injection, the patient refused to continue, failure for other reasons during 3 days'treatment. Safety Outcomes includes Infection events (skin infection, osteomyelitis, or intracranial infection), symptomatic and non- symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, moderate to severe bleeding (defined by the GUSTO), hepatic insufficiency, severe renal insufficiency during the treatment, severe or extremely severe anaemia (hemoglobin <60g / L), mortality, incidence of other adverse events / serious adverse events reported.

The secondary outcomes include the effectiveness outcomes. The effectiveness outcomes include change of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores from baseline values to 14±1 days or at discharge, the change of the The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores from baseline to 14±1 days or at discharge, the modified Rankin Scale(mRS) 0-3 points at 90±7 days and the mRS 0-3 points at 180±14 days.

A Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) will regularly monitor safety during the study. The trial has been approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Ethics Committee (EC) in Being Tiantan hospital, Capital Medical University.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 6
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Yilong Wang, PhD+MD; Phone Number: 13261655100 18842627325; Email: yilong528@gmail.com

Study Locations

• China
  • Beijing, China
    • Beijing Tiantan Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18≤Age≤80 years;
• First stroke or complete self-care before the onset of current stroke (mRS 0-1);
• Administration of drugs can be completed within 24h of the onset of signs and symptoms of neurological deficits (in patients with wake-up strokes or unwitnessed strokes, the time of onset is defined as the time of last normal presentation);

• Clinical symptoms, signs and imaging diagnosis of cerebral infarction in the area supplied by the middle cerebral artery, together with the following features:

  1. 16≤ NIHSS ≤32 points, and the sum of the scores of motor arm and motor leg is ≥6;
  2. Imaging suggestive of core infarct area: apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values <620×10-6mm2/s lesion volume on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences or cerebral blood flow (CBF) <30% of volume 70-300 ml on computed tomography perfusion imaging (CTP) or an Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) of 0-6, with inconsistent findings, the investigator is required to make a reasoned judgement by taking into account all the information (scanning time, the imaging method that best responds to the size of infarct, etc.) and record it.
• NIHSS score not improving or progressing after reperfusion therapy and total score still ≤32.
• Informed consent signed.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Complications with other cerebrovascular diseases meet one of the following conditions:

  1. Complicated with acute cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage;
  2. Complicated with acute posterior circulation cerebral infarction or severe posterior circulation stenosis (>70%);
  3. Or imaging suggests that the area of cerebral infarction is involved bilaterally;
  4. The cause of the TOAST classification was considered as intracranial artery dissection, vasculitis, moyamoya disease and other etiological types.
• Hemorrhage transformation in the infarction area, hematoma area ≥30% of the infarction area, and has obvious space-occupying effect;
• Presence of clinical signs of brain herniation formation, e.g., unilateral or bilateral pupil dilation and fixation; cerebral oedema-associated loss of consciousness (NIHSS 1a > 2 points), or other loss of brainstem reflexes in the judgement of the investigator, caused by cerebral oedema or cerebral herniation formation; or other signs of instability of vital signs that are difficult to control;
• Craniotomy decompression was planned before randomization;
• Refractory hypertension (systolic > 200mmHg or diastolic > 110mmHg) or hypotension (systolic < 70mmHg or diastolic < 50mmHg) that is difficult to control with medication;
• Abnormal blood glucose before randomization (random venous blood glucose < 2.8mmol/L or > 23mmol/L);
• Presence of significant abnormal liver function markers or renal function markers prior to randomization; Note: Severe liver function abnormalities were defined as serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). Significant renal insufficiency is defined as eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (eGFR, calculated using the CKD-EPI formula)
• Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) and/or decompensated heart failure (meeting the New York College of Cardiology (NYHA) Heart function grades III and IV) within the past 3 months;
• Presence of contraindications to intracalvariosseous injection, e.g., skull fracture in the last 3 months, skull infection, subdural/extradural hematoma, subcutaneous hematoma, skin or subcutaneous infection of the scalp, poorly displayed skull bone marrow niches;
• Bleeding tendencies considered by the investigators to be detrimental to the procedure include, but are not limited to, platelet counts < 100×109/L, and the presence of clotting disorders such as hemophilia;
• Presence of severe or very severe anemia (hemoglobin <60 g/L) at randomization;
• Patients with severe respiratory diseases (severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory failure, etc.) should be corrected by intubation, tracheotomy, or ventilator;
• The subjects were considered to have developed clinically significant serious infections, including severe local infections or systemic infections;
• Diagnosed severe degenerative diseases of the central nervous system such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), and severe dementia of all causes, or psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, depression, etc.);
• Subjects with a life expectancy of less than 3 months due to conditions not considered current by the investigators, such as tumors;
• Known allergy to any component of investigational process therapy drugs and contrast agents;
• Subjects who are pregnant, breastfeeding or have the possibility of becoming pregnant or plan to become pregnant;
• Subjects are unable to comply with trial protocols or follow-up requirements;
• Other circumstances deemed by the investigators to be unsuitable for enrollment (registration of reasons for inability to enroll is required);
• Have participated in other interventional clinical trials.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: ICO injection group; RK-4 ICO injection through intracalvariosseous injection device (drilling 3 holes (each for 1-time administration) from the outer cranial plate without penetrating the inner plate), dose was given as 32 ug/kg once a day for 3 consecutive days, as well as standard treatment and management according to the related guidelines.	Other: Conventional treatment; standard treatment and management according to related guidelines; Device: RK-4 ICO injection; Patients included will be given skull outer plate drilling surgery and RK-4 ICO injection under local anesthesia and sedation using the intracalvariosseous injection device. The drilling and injection will be conducted once a day for 3 consecutive days.
Sham Comparator: Conventional treatment group; standard treatment and management according to related guidelines.	Other: Conventional treatment; standard treatment and management according to related guidelines

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Failed of drilling	The rate of the internal plate of skull was drilled through	during 3 days of treatment
Number of drug-leakage events	Number of drug-leakage events	during 3 days of treatment
Failed for other reasons	Number of failed for other reasons	during 3 days of treatment
Rate of participants with infection events	Rate of participants with infection events (including skin infection, osteomyelitis of skull, or intracranial infection)	within 90±7 days after randomization
Rate of intracranial hemorrhage	Rate of symptomatic and non-symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage	within 90±7 days after randomization
Rate of bleeding	Rate of bleeding (moderate to severe bleeding, defined by the GUSTO)	within 90±7 days after randomization
Mortality	Mortality	within 90±7 days after randomization
Patients' tolerance of therapy	The number of patients who refused to continue the treatment because of the intolerance	during 3 days of treatment
Rate of hepatic insufficiency	Rate of hepatic insufficiency: serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), or alkaline phosphatase (APL)> 2 times the ULN or the multiple of the abnormal baseline value before medication; Or, serum total bilirubin (TBil) > 2.5 mg/dL (42.75 μmol/L), accompanied by increased levels of serum AST, ALT or ALP.	within 90±7 days after randomization
Rate of severe renal insufficiency	Rate of severe renal insufficiency: estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<30 ml/min/1.73m2 during the treatment.	within 90±7 days after randomization
Severe or extremely severe anaemia	Severe or extremely severe anaemia (hemoglobin <60g / L)	within 90±7 days after randomization
Adverse events / serious adverse events	Incidence of other adverse events / serious adverse events reported.	within 90±7 days after randomization

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change of GCS scores from baseline	The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is a validated and reliable scale to evaluate level of consciousness in patients. The scale assesses 3 functions: Eye Opening, Verbal Response, and Motor Response. GCS scores range from 15 (best) to 3 (worst).	baseline#14±1 days after randomization or at discharge
Change of the NIHSS scores from baseline	Change of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores from baseline to 14±1days or at discharge. The NIHSS is a standardized neurological examination score that is a valid and reliable measure of disability and recovery after acute stroke. Scores range from 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating increasing severity.	14±1 days after randomization or at discharge
90 days functional improvement	The modified Rankin Scale 0-3 points at 90±7 days. Functional improvement is defined as a dichotomized modified Rankin Scale(mRS) 0-3 outcome. The mRS is a commonly used scale for measuring the degree of disability or dependence in the daily activities of people who have suffered a stroke or other causes of neurological disability. The scale runs from 0-6 with "0" being perfect health without symptoms to "6" being death. Score 0: No symptoms Score 1: No significant disability. Able to carry out all usual activities, despite some symptoms. Score 2: Slight disability. Able to look after own affairs without assistance, but unable to carry out all previous activities. Score 3: Moderate disability. Requires some help, but able to walk unassisted. Score 4: Moderately severe disability. Unable to attend to own bodily needs without assistance, and unable to walk unassisted. Score 5: Severe disability. Requires constant nursing care and attention, bedridden, incontinent. Score 6: Dead	90±7 days after randomization
180 days functional improvement	The modified Rankin Scale 0-3 points at 180±14 days. Functional improvement is defined as a dichotomized modified Rankin Scale(mRS) 0-3 outcome. The mRS is a commonly used scale for measuring the degree of disability or dependence in the daily activities of people who have suffered a stroke or other causes of neurological disability. The scale runs from 0-6 with "0" being perfect health without symptoms to "6" being death. Score 0: No symptoms Score 1: No significant disability. Able to carry out all usual activities, despite some symptoms. Score 2: Slight disability. Able to look after own affairs without assistance, but unable to carry out all previous activities. Score 3: Moderate disability. Requires some help, but able to walk unassisted. Score 4: Moderately severe disability. Unable to attend to own bodily needs without assistance, and unable to walk unassisted. Score 5: Severe disability. Requires constant nursing care and attention, bedridden, incontinent. Score 6: Dead	180±14 days after randomization

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: yilong Wang
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Yilong Wang, PhD#MD, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

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Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): April 15, 2026
• Primary Completion (Estimated): November 15, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): November 15, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 27, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 31, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): April 7, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 7, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 31, 2026
• Last Verified: November 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: large hemispheric infarction; postsynaptic density protein 95 inhibitor; BBB-bypassing route; brain drug delivery; intracalvariosseous injection; intracalvariosseous injection device
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cerebrovascular Disorders; Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Ischemic Stroke; Stroke
• Other Study ID Numbers: Z231100004823036

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No