The Effects of Palm Olein and Palm Kernel Oil Diets on Gut Hormones and Appetite in Healthy Adults

April 13, 2026 updated by: Malaysia Palm Oil Board

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate the postprandial effect of palm olein- and palm kernel oil- diets compared to PUFA-rich diet (sunflower oil in this study) on gut hormones response and appetite in healthy adults. The main questions it aims to answer are:

• Do palm olein- and palm kernel oil-diets postulate to improve satiety and lower appetite compared to PUFA rich diet (sunflower oil) in healthy adults? Researchers will compare diets prepared with palm olain or palm kernel oil to a diet prepared with sunflower oil to see the effects of these three diets on gut hormones and satiety score.

Participants will:

  • Attend a health screening session for subjects selection according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.
  • Visit the study center three times with 2 weeks apart.
  • Provide blood samples and fill up questionnaires at different time point within 4 hours.
  • Receive a ad libitum meal after 4 hours intervention.

Study Overview

Status

Active, not recruiting

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Please refer to the protocol uploaded.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

36

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Malaysia
    • Selangor
      • Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia, 43300
        • Malaysian Palm Oil Board

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age 20 to 45 years.
  • BMI 20 to 27.5 kg/m2.
  • Blood pressure with 90 to 130 mmHg for systolic and 60 to 80 mmHg for diastolic measurements.
  • Fasting blood glucose of 3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L.
  • Fasting total cholesterol < 6.0 mmol/L.
  • Fasting triglycerides < 2.3 mmol/L.
  • Not using any form of nicotine and alcohol.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosed any form of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome with or without medication.
  • Consuming any long term prescribed medications or supplements, including hormonal contraceptive pills.
  • Having moderate anaemia with haemoglobin <110 g/l for men and <100 g/l for women.
  • Having blood clotting problem
  • Having difficulty in cannulation (small, thin or hard-to-find veins)
  • Women who are pregnant or lactating.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: P
PO-PKO-SFO
Other: Palm olein
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm olein
Other: Palm kernel oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm kernel oil
Other: Sunflower Oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g sunflower oil
Experimental: Q
PO-SFO-PKO
Other: Palm olein
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm olein
Other: Palm kernel oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm kernel oil
Other: Sunflower Oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g sunflower oil
Experimental: R
PKO-PO-SFO
Other: Palm olein
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm olein
Other: Palm kernel oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm kernel oil
Other: Sunflower Oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g sunflower oil
Experimental: S
PKO-SFO-PO
Other: Palm olein
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm olein
Other: Palm kernel oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm kernel oil
Other: Sunflower Oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g sunflower oil
Experimental: T
SFO-PO-PKO
Other: Palm olein
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm olein
Other: Palm kernel oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm kernel oil
Other: Sunflower Oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g sunflower oil
Experimental: U
SFO-PKO-PO
Other: Palm olein
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm olein
Other: Palm kernel oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g palm kernel oil
Other: Sunflower Oil
high-fat muffin prepared with 50g sunflower oil

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)
Time Frame: postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours
GIP analysed using ELISA kits using plasma sample.
postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Time Frame: Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours
GLP-1 is analysed with ELISA kit using plasma.
Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours
Peptide YY (PYY)
Time Frame: Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours
PYY is analysed with ELISA kit using plasma sample.
Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours
Ghrelin
Time Frame: Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours
Ghreli is analysed using ELISA kits using plasma sample.
Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours
HOMA IR
Time Frame: Postprandial from baseline (0 min) up to 2 hours.
HOMA IR will be calculated using glucose, insulin and c-peptide levels measured.
Postprandial from baseline (0 min) up to 2 hours.
Cholecytokinin, CCK
Time Frame: Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours.
CCK is analysed with ELISA kit using plasma.
Postprandial from baseline (0 min) to 4 hours.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Malaysia Palm Oil Board

Collaborators

IMU University, Malaysia

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

January 12, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

July 1, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

August 1, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

April 13, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

April 13, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

April 21, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

April 21, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

April 13, 2026

Last Verified

April 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • FN2-13/2024

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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