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Effects of Cognitive Training on Executive Functions and Decision-Making in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players

3 luglio 2026 aggiornato da: Muharrem Gökhan Beydağı, Firat University

Effects of a Short-Term Cognitive Training Programme on Executive Functions and On-Court Decision-Making Performance in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of a four-week tablet-based cognitive training program on executive functions and on-court decision-making performance in adolescent female volleyball players. Fifty licensed female volleyball players aged 12 to 14 years were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group received cognitive training three times per week in addition to routine volleyball training, while the control group continued routine training only. Executive functions were assessed using the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test-A, Go/No-Go Test, and 2-Back Test. Volleyball-specific decision-making performance was evaluated using a video-based temporal occlusion test. The study investigates whether improvements in executive functions following cognitive training transfer to sport-specific decision-making performance.

Panoramica dello studio

Stato

Completato

Condizioni

Intervento / Trattamento

Descrizione dettagliata

Executive functions, including inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and attentional control, play an important role in sports requiring rapid perception and decision-making, such as volleyball. Although previous studies have shown that cognitive training can improve executive functions, evidence regarding the transfer of these improvements to sport-specific performance remains inconsistent.

The purpose of this randomized controlled study is to investigate the effects of a short-term tablet-based cognitive training program on executive functions and volleyball-specific on-court decision-making performance in adolescent female volleyball players.

Fifty licensed female volleyball players aged 12 to 14 years participated in the study. Participants were randomly allocated to an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group completed a four-week cognitive training program consisting of three supervised sessions per week (20-30 minutes per session) in addition to routine volleyball training. The control group continued routine volleyball training without additional cognitive training.

Primary assessments included executive function measures obtained using the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test-A (TMT-A), Go/No-Go Test, and 2-Back Test. Volleyball-specific decision-making performance was evaluated using a video-based temporal occlusion paradigm, with decision-making accuracy and response time recorded before and after the intervention.

The study aims to determine whether short-term cognitive training improves executive function performance (near transfer) and whether these cognitive improvements translate into enhanced sport-specific decision-making performance (far transfer) in adolescent female volleyball players.

Tipo di studio

Interventistico

Iscrizione (Effettivo)

50

Fase

  • Non applicabile

Contatti e Sedi

Questa sezione fornisce i recapiti di coloro che conducono lo studio e informazioni su dove viene condotto lo studio.

Luoghi di studio

Criteri di partecipazione

I ricercatori cercano persone che corrispondano a una certa descrizione, chiamata criteri di ammissibilità. Alcuni esempi di questi criteri sono le condizioni generali di salute di una persona o trattamenti precedenti.

Criteri di ammissibilità

Età idonea allo studio

  • Bambino

Accetta volontari sani

Sì

Descrizione

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Female volleyball players aged 12 to 14 years.
  • Licensed volleyball players with at least 1 year of playing experience.
  • Regular participation in volleyball training during the previous 6 months.
  • Written informed consent obtained from both participants and their parents/legal guardians.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of neurological or psychiatric disorders.
  • Visual or hearing impairment that could affect cognitive testing.
  • Serious musculoskeletal injury within the previous 6 months.
  • Previous participation in a structured cognitive training program.
  • Injury during the study period or incomplete participation in the assessment procedures.

Piano di studio

Questa sezione fornisce i dettagli del piano di studio, compreso il modo in cui lo studio è progettato e ciò che lo studio sta misurando.

Come è strutturato lo studio?

Dettagli di progettazione

  • Scopo principale: Prevenzione
  • Assegnazione: Randomizzato
  • Modello interventistico: Assegnazione parallela
  • Mascheramento: Nessuno (etichetta aperta)

Armi e interventi

Gruppo di partecipanti / Arm
Intervento / Trattamento
Sperimentale: Cognitive Training Group
Participants received a four-week tablet-based cognitive training program (20-30 minutes/session, three sessions/week) in addition to their routine volleyball training.
Comportamentale: Tablet-Based Cognitive Training
A structured four-week tablet-based cognitive training program was administered three times per week for approximately 20-30 minutes per session. The program included computerized exercises targeting inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, attention, and processing speed using validated cognitive training applications.
Altro: Routine Volleyball Training
Participants continued their routine volleyball training according to their regular training schedule.
Comparatore attivo: Control Group
Participants continued their routine volleyball training without additional cognitive training.
Altro: Routine Volleyball Training
Participants continued their routine volleyball training according to their regular training schedule.

Cosa sta misurando lo studio?

Misure di risultato primarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
Change in Stroop Interference Time
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in Stroop interference time, calculated as the difference between the mean reaction time under incongruent and neutral conditions, measured in milliseconds (ms) using the computerized Stroop Color and Word Test.
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Trail Making Test-A Completion Time
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in the time required to complete the Trail Making Test-A, measured in seconds (s).
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Go/No-Go Reaction Time
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in mean reaction time during the computerized Go/No-Go Test, measured in milliseconds (ms) during correct Go responses.
Baseline and Week 4
Change in 2-Back Accuracy
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in working memory accuracy during the computerized 2-Back Test, measured as percentage of correct responses (%).
Baseline and Week 4
Change in 2-Back Reaction Time
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in mean reaction time during correct responses in the computerized 2-Back Test, measured in milliseconds (ms).
Baseline and Week 4

Misure di risultato secondarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
Change in On-Court Decision-Making Accuracy
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in volleyball-specific decision-making accuracy assessed using a video-based temporal occlusion test, measured as the number of correct decisions (0-25).
Baseline and Week 4
Change in On-Court Decision-Making Response Time
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in volleyball-specific decision-making response time assessed using a video-based temporal occlusion test, measured in milliseconds (ms).
Baseline and Week 4

Collaboratori e investigatori

Qui è dove troverai le persone e le organizzazioni coinvolte in questo studio.

Sponsor

Firat University

Studiare le date dei record

Queste date tengono traccia dell'avanzamento della registrazione dello studio e dell'invio dei risultati di sintesi a ClinicalTrials.gov. I record degli studi e i risultati riportati vengono esaminati dalla National Library of Medicine (NLM) per assicurarsi che soddisfino specifici standard di controllo della qualità prima di essere pubblicati sul sito Web pubblico.

Studia le date principali

Inizio studio (Effettivo)

2 maggio 2026

Completamento primario (Effettivo)

15 giugno 2026

Completamento dello studio (Effettivo)

15 giugno 2026

Date di iscrizione allo studio

Primo inviato

29 giugno 2026

Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità

3 luglio 2026

Primo Inserito (Effettivo)

9 luglio 2026

Aggiornamenti dei record di studio

Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato (Effettivo)

9 luglio 2026

Ultimo aggiornamento inviato che soddisfa i criteri QC

3 luglio 2026

Ultimo verificato

1 luglio 2026

Maggiori informazioni

Termini relativi a questo studio

Parole chiave

Altri numeri di identificazione dello studio

  • FU_MGBeydagi_Vole_B_2026/06-29

Piano per i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)

Hai intenzione di condividere i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)?

SÌ

Descrizione del piano IPD

Individual participant data (de-identified) that underlie the results reported in this study will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. Data will be available beginning 6 months after publication and ending 5 years after publication. Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal for achieving the aims of an approved proposal will be granted access after signing a data access agreement.

Informazioni su farmaci e dispositivi, documenti di studio

Studia un prodotto farmaceutico regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Studia un dispositivo regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Queste informazioni sono state recuperate direttamente dal sito web clinicaltrials.gov senza alcuna modifica. In caso di richieste di modifica, rimozione o aggiornamento dei dettagli dello studio, contattare register@clinicaltrials.gov. Non appena verrà implementata una modifica su clinicaltrials.gov, questa verrà aggiornata automaticamente anche sul nostro sito web .

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