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Effects of Cognitive Training on Executive Functions and Decision-Making in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players

3. juli 2026 opdateret af: Muharrem Gökhan Beydağı, Firat University

Effects of a Short-Term Cognitive Training Programme on Executive Functions and On-Court Decision-Making Performance in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of a four-week tablet-based cognitive training program on executive functions and on-court decision-making performance in adolescent female volleyball players. Fifty licensed female volleyball players aged 12 to 14 years were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group received cognitive training three times per week in addition to routine volleyball training, while the control group continued routine training only. Executive functions were assessed using the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test-A, Go/No-Go Test, and 2-Back Test. Volleyball-specific decision-making performance was evaluated using a video-based temporal occlusion test. The study investigates whether improvements in executive functions following cognitive training transfer to sport-specific decision-making performance.

Studieoversigt

Status

Afsluttet

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

Executive functions, including inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and attentional control, play an important role in sports requiring rapid perception and decision-making, such as volleyball. Although previous studies have shown that cognitive training can improve executive functions, evidence regarding the transfer of these improvements to sport-specific performance remains inconsistent.

The purpose of this randomized controlled study is to investigate the effects of a short-term tablet-based cognitive training program on executive functions and volleyball-specific on-court decision-making performance in adolescent female volleyball players.

Fifty licensed female volleyball players aged 12 to 14 years participated in the study. Participants were randomly allocated to an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group completed a four-week cognitive training program consisting of three supervised sessions per week (20-30 minutes per session) in addition to routine volleyball training. The control group continued routine volleyball training without additional cognitive training.

Primary assessments included executive function measures obtained using the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test-A (TMT-A), Go/No-Go Test, and 2-Back Test. Volleyball-specific decision-making performance was evaluated using a video-based temporal occlusion paradigm, with decision-making accuracy and response time recorded before and after the intervention.

The study aims to determine whether short-term cognitive training improves executive function performance (near transfer) and whether these cognitive improvements translate into enhanced sport-specific decision-making performance (far transfer) in adolescent female volleyball players.

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Tilmelding (Faktiske)

50

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Kontakter og lokationer

Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.

Studiesteder

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Barn

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ja

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Female volleyball players aged 12 to 14 years.
  • Licensed volleyball players with at least 1 year of playing experience.
  • Regular participation in volleyball training during the previous 6 months.
  • Written informed consent obtained from both participants and their parents/legal guardians.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of neurological or psychiatric disorders.
  • Visual or hearing impairment that could affect cognitive testing.
  • Serious musculoskeletal injury within the previous 6 months.
  • Previous participation in a structured cognitive training program.
  • Injury during the study period or incomplete participation in the assessment procedures.

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Forebyggelse
  • Tildeling: Randomiseret
  • Interventionel model: Parallel tildeling
  • Maskning: Ingen (Åben etiket)

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Eksperimentel: Cognitive Training Group
Participants received a four-week tablet-based cognitive training program (20-30 minutes/session, three sessions/week) in addition to their routine volleyball training.
Adfærdsmæssigt: Tablet-Based Cognitive Training
A structured four-week tablet-based cognitive training program was administered three times per week for approximately 20-30 minutes per session. The program included computerized exercises targeting inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, attention, and processing speed using validated cognitive training applications.
Andet: Routine Volleyball Training
Participants continued their routine volleyball training according to their regular training schedule.
Aktiv komparator: Control Group
Participants continued their routine volleyball training without additional cognitive training.
Andet: Routine Volleyball Training
Participants continued their routine volleyball training according to their regular training schedule.

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Change in Stroop Interference Time
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in Stroop interference time, calculated as the difference between the mean reaction time under incongruent and neutral conditions, measured in milliseconds (ms) using the computerized Stroop Color and Word Test.
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Trail Making Test-A Completion Time
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in the time required to complete the Trail Making Test-A, measured in seconds (s).
Baseline and Week 4
Change in Go/No-Go Reaction Time
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in mean reaction time during the computerized Go/No-Go Test, measured in milliseconds (ms) during correct Go responses.
Baseline and Week 4
Change in 2-Back Accuracy
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in working memory accuracy during the computerized 2-Back Test, measured as percentage of correct responses (%).
Baseline and Week 4
Change in 2-Back Reaction Time
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in mean reaction time during correct responses in the computerized 2-Back Test, measured in milliseconds (ms).
Baseline and Week 4

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Change in On-Court Decision-Making Accuracy
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in volleyball-specific decision-making accuracy assessed using a video-based temporal occlusion test, measured as the number of correct decisions (0-25).
Baseline and Week 4
Change in On-Court Decision-Making Response Time
Tidsramme: Baseline and Week 4
Change from baseline to Week 4 in volleyball-specific decision-making response time assessed using a video-based temporal occlusion test, measured in milliseconds (ms).
Baseline and Week 4

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

Firat University

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

2. maj 2026

Primær færdiggørelse (Faktiske)

15. juni 2026

Studieafslutning (Faktiske)

15. juni 2026

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

29. juni 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

3. juli 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

9. juli 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

9. juli 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

3. juli 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. juli 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Nøgleord

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • FU_MGBeydagi_Vole_B_2026/06-29

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?

JA

IPD-planbeskrivelse

Individual participant data (de-identified) that underlie the results reported in this study will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. Data will be available beginning 6 months after publication and ending 5 years after publication. Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal for achieving the aims of an approved proposal will be granted access after signing a data access agreement.

Lægemiddel- og udstyrsoplysninger, undersøgelsesdokumenter

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Ingen

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Ingen

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Kliniske forsøg med Beslutningstagning

Kliniske forsøg med Tablet-Based Cognitive Training

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