Study of Alternative Vaccination Schedule of Oral Cholera Vaccine

A Randomized Controlled Trial To Evaluate the Immunogenicity of Two Doses of the Modified Killed Whole-Cell Oral Cholera Vaccine Under Two Alternative Vaccination Schedules.

The absence of a boosting response after a 14 day interval with the two-dose regimen of the modified killed oral cholera vaccine raises the possibility that a longer dosing interval may be required to observe a boost in the immune response. This study will compare the immune responses following 14-day and 28-day dosing intervals.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Cholera; Diarrhoea; Vibrio Infection
• Intervention / Treatment: Biological: Modified killed oral cholera vaccine at 14 day interval; Biological: Modified killed oral cholera vaccine at 28 day interval

Detailed Description

Cholera is a re-emerging infectious disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in populations lacking access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Provision of safe drinking water and food, establishment of adequate sanitation, and implementation of personal and community hygiene constitute the main public health interventions against cholera. These measures cannot be implemented fully in the near future in most cholera-endemic areas. Improvements to water and sanitation require substantial long-term investments, commitment from the local government and often take years to implement. In the meantime, a safe, effective, and affordable vaccine would be a useful tool for cholera prevention and control.

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade in the development of new generation oral cholera vaccines against cholera. A monovalent (anti-O1) WC-rBS oral killed cholera vaccine with a B-subunit was developed by Professor Jan Holmgren in Sweden and is sold primarily as a traveler's vaccine; and is only WHO pre-qualified vaccine till date. A version of this vaccine that lacks the B subunit and is considerably less expensive to produce ("whole-cell only") and which is now bivalent (O1 and O139), has been produced and used exclusively in Vietnam, making it the first oral cholera vaccine used primarily for endemic populations.

To internationalize the use of this improved vaccine, its production technology was modified to comply with the WHO Manufacturing practices (cGMP) standards before its manufacturing technology was transferred to an Indian manufacturing company Shantha Biotechnics Limited by the International Vaccine Institute. The modified killed bivalent oral cholera vaccine has been recently licensed by the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) to the Shantha Biotechnics Limited and being marketed as Shancol ® after phase II and Phase III clinical trials. It is administered orally in 2 liquid doses (without need of any buffer solution) 14 days for individuals aged 1 year and above. It was found safe, effective and provided 67% protection after two years in a placebo-controlled, randomized trial in Kolkata, India.

Despite the recent licensure, there are remaining questions that need to be answered that would be vital in deploying the vaccine including optimization of dosing regimen. A previous study performed in Kolkata revealed that two doses of the vaccine when given 14 days apart did not result in higher immune response after the first dose, contrary to earlier findings with the Swedish vaccine. This new finding may be due to the higher lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content of the modified vaccine which may have elicited sufficient immune response that it effectively blocks subsequent antigen presentation with the second dose of the vaccine.

In order to assess if immune responses will be boosted if we prolong the interval between dosing of the modified killed oral cholera vaccine, a Phase II double-blind, controlled, randomized trial to evaluate two different dosing interval schedules for the two-dose regimen will be conducted. This study will compare the immune responses following 14-day and 28-day dosing intervals. In addition to the 356 subjects for the main study, 30 subjects will be enrolled to explore the possibility of any other immunological marker for vibrio cholera infection.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 386
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• India
  • West Bengal
    • Kolkata, West Bengal, India, 700010
      • National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 1 year and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Healthy, non-pregnant adults aged 18 years and above and healthy children aged 1 - 17 will be recruited in Kolkata.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Males or non-pregnant females aged 18 years and above and children aged 1 -17 years who the investigator believes will comply with the requirements of the protocol (i.e. available for follow-up visits and specimen collection).
• Written informed consent obtained from the subjects or their parents/guardians, and written assent for children aged 12 - 17 years.

• Healthy subjects as determined by:

  • Medical history
  • Physical examination
  • Clinical judgment of the investigator

Exclusion Criteria:

• Ongoing serious chronic disease
• For females of reproductive age: Pregnancy (or females planning to become pregnant during the study period; as determined by verbal screening)
• Immunocompromising condition or therapy (for corticosteroids this would mean ≥0.5 mg/kg/day)
• Diarrhea (3 or more loose/watery stools within a 24-hour period) 6 weeks prior to enrollment
• One or two episodes of diarrhea lasting for more than 2 weeks in the past 6 months
• One or two episodes of abdominal pain lasting for more than 2 weeks in the past 6 months
• Intake of any anti-diarrhea medicine in the past week
• Abdominal pain or cramps, loss of appetite, nausea, general ill-feeling or vomiting in the past 24 hours
• Acute disease one week prior to enrollment, with or without fever. Temperature ≥38ºC warrants deferral of the vaccination pending recovery of the subject
• Receipt of immunoglobulin or any blood product during the past 3 months
• Receipt of antibiotics in past 14 days
• Receipt of live or killed enteric vaccine in past 4 weeks
• Receipt of killed oral cholera vaccine

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

6

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Arm 1: Adults; 14 days interval; 89 Adults (=> 18 years aged) receiving study agents (Vaccine/Placebo) at 14 days inter-dose interval	Biological: Modified killed oral cholera vaccine at 14 day interval; The modified killed bivalent (O1 and O139)whole cell based oral cholera vaccine is administered orally in 2 liquid doses (without need of any buffer solution) 14 days for individuals aged 1 year and above.; Other Names: Shancol
Active Comparator: Arm 2: Adults; 28 days interval; 89 Adults (=> 18 years aged) receiving study agents (Vaccine/Placebo) at 28 days inter-dose interval	Biological: Modified killed oral cholera vaccine at 28 day interval; The modified killed bivalent (O1 and O139)whole cell based oral cholera vaccine is administered orally in 2 liquid doses (without need of any buffer solution) 28 days for individuals aged 1 year and above; as an alternate schedule.; Other Names: Shancol
Active Comparator: Arm 3: children; 14 days interval; 89 children (1-17 years aged) receiving study agents (Vaccine/Placebo) at 14 days inter-dose interval	Biological: Modified killed oral cholera vaccine at 14 day interval; The modified killed bivalent (O1 and O139)whole cell based oral cholera vaccine is administered orally in 2 liquid doses (without need of any buffer solution) 14 days for individuals aged 1 year and above.; Other Names: Shancol
Active Comparator: Arm 4: children; 28 days interval; 89 children (1-17 years aged) receiving study agents (Vaccine/Placebo) at 28 days inter-dose interval	Biological: Modified killed oral cholera vaccine at 28 day interval; The modified killed bivalent (O1 and O139)whole cell based oral cholera vaccine is administered orally in 2 liquid doses (without need of any buffer solution) 28 days for individuals aged 1 year and above; as an alternate schedule.; Other Names: Shancol
Active Comparator: Arm 5: Adults; 14 days Interval; 15 Adults (=> 18 years aged) receiving study agents (Vaccine/Placebo) at 14 days inter-dose interval	Biological: Modified killed oral cholera vaccine at 14 day interval; The modified killed bivalent (O1 and O139)whole cell based oral cholera vaccine is administered orally in 2 liquid doses (without need of any buffer solution) 14 days for individuals aged 1 year and above.; Other Names: Shancol
Active Comparator: Arm 6: Adults; 28 days interval; 15 Adults (=> 18 years aged) receiving study agents (Vaccine/Placebo) at 28 days inter-dose interval	Biological: Modified killed oral cholera vaccine at 28 day interval; The modified killed bivalent (O1 and O139)whole cell based oral cholera vaccine is administered orally in 2 liquid doses (without need of any buffer solution) 28 days for individuals aged 1 year and above; as an alternate schedule.; Other Names: Shancol

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Proportion of subjects exhibiting 4-fold or greater rises in titers of serum vibriocidal antibodies, relative to baseline, 14 days after last dose of study agent in each dose-interval group	14 days after the last dose of the study agent

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Proportion of subjects exhibiting 4-fold or greater rises in titers of serum vibriocidal antibodies, relative to baseline, 14 days after first dose of study agent		14 days after first dose of study agent
Geometric mean serum vibriocidal titers at baseline, 14 days after each dose of the study agent, in each dose-interval group.		14 days after each dose of study agent
Proportion of subjects given 2 doses of study agent given 14 and 28 days apart with adverse events.	Adverse events include: Immediate reactions within 30 minutes after each dose; Serious Adverse Events occurring throughout the trial; Reactogenicity during three consecutive days following each dose: Headache, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain/cramps, gas, diarrhea, fever,loss of appetite, general ill feeling i. Diarrhea is defined as having 3 or more loose/watery stools within a 24 hour period. ii. Fever is defined as having an oral or tympanic temperature of ≥38o C	upto 1.5 months after the first dose of study agent
Proportion of subjects given 2 doses of vaccine given 14 and 28 days apart with significant immunological responses to the alternate assays under exploration	Immunological responses to: Responses to: Fecal antibody to LPS OMP micro ELISPOT LPS-specific micro ELISPOT IgA to LPS (by ELISA) ALS assay	upto 1.5 months after the first dose of study agent

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: International Vaccine Institute
• Collaborators: Indian Council of Medical Research; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, India; Shantha Biotechnics Limited
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Dipika Sur, MD, DPH, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: December 1, 2010
• Primary Completion (Actual): February 1, 2013
• Study Completion (Actual): February 1, 2013

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 11, 2010
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 2, 2010
• First Posted (Estimate): November 3, 2010

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): September 25, 2013
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 24, 2013
• Last Verified: August 1, 2012

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Vaccine; Immunogenicity; India; Cholera; West Bengal; Kolkata; Vaccination Schedules
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Infections; Signs and Symptoms, Digestive; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Infections and Mycoses; Diarrhea; Cholera; Vibrio Infections; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Immunologic Factors; Vaccines
• Other Study ID Numbers: CR-WC-05