- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT01454947
Use of Behavioral Economics to Improve Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infections (Main Study) (BEARI)
Bacteria resistant to antibiotic therapy are a major public health problem. The evolution of multi-drug resistant pathogens may be encouraged by provider prescribing behavior. Inappropriate use of antibiotics for nonbacterial infections and overuse of broad spectrum antibiotics can lead to the development of resistant strains. Though providers are adequately trained to know when antibiotics are and are not comparatively effective, this has not been sufficient to affect critical provider practices.
The intent of this study is to apply behavioral economic theory to reduce the rate of antibiotic prescriptions for acute respiratory diagnoses for which guidelines do not call for antibiotics. Specifically targeted are infections that are likely to be viral.
The objective of this study is to improve provider decisions around treatment of acute respiratory infections.
The participants are practicing attending physicians or advanced practice nurses (i.e. providers) at participating clinics who see acute respiratory infection patients. A maximum of 550 participants will be recruited for this study.
Providers consenting to participate will fill out a baseline questionnaire online. Subsequent to baseline data collection and enrollment, participating clinic sites will be randomized to the study arms, as described below.
There will be a control arm, with clinic sites randomized in a multifactorial design to up to three interventions that leverage the electronic medical record: Order Sets that are triggered by electronic health record (EHR) workflow containing exclusively guideline concordant choices (SA, for Suggested Alternatives); Accountable Justifications triggered by discordant prescriptions that populate the note with provider's rationale for guideline exceptions (AJ); and performance feedback that benchmarks providers' own performance to that of their peers (PC, for Peer Comparisons).
The outcomes of interest are antibiotic prescribing patterns, including prescribing rates and changes in prescribing rates over time.
The intervention period will be over one year, with a one-year follow up period to measure persistence of the effect after EHR features are returned to the original state and providers no longer receive email alerts.
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Detailed Description
Each consented provider will be randomized to 1 of 8 cells in a factorial design with equal probability. If results of retrospective data analysis imply that design will be improved by stratification, randomization will be stratified by factors that could influence outcomes.
Data will be collected from the clinics' Enterprise Data Warehouses which store copies of data recorded in the electronic health record. Data elements from qualifying office visits will be collected from coded portions of the electronic health record.
An encounter is eligible for intervention if the patient's diagnosis is in the selected group of acute respiratory infections. The intervention EHR functions will be triggered when clinicians initiate an antibiotic prescription or enter a diagnosis for an acute respiratory infection that has a defined Order Set. If an antibiotic from a list of frequently misprescribed antibiotics is ordered and a diagnosis has not yet been entered, providers will be prompted to enter a diagnosis. If the diagnosis entered is acute nasopharyngitis; acute laryngopharyngitis/acute upper respiratory infection; acute bronchitis; bronchitis not specified as acute or chronic; or flu; the interventions will be triggered. The diagnosis-appropriate order set will pop-up for providers in the SA arm, while clinicians randomized to the AJ arm will receive an alert and be required to enter a brief statement justifying their antibiotic prescription if antibiotics are not indicated for the diagnosis entered. This note will then be added to the patient's medical record.
Clinicians randomized to the Peer Comparison condition will receive email updates about their antibiotic prescribing practices relative to other clinicians in their practice.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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California
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Anaheim, California, United States, 92801
- Altamed Anaheim Lincoln
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Anaheim, California, United States, 92801
- Altamed Anaheim West
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Bell, California, United States, 90201
- Altamed Bell Clinic
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City of Commerce, California, United States, 90040
- Altamed Mobile Unit Primary Care
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El Monte, California, United States, 91731
- Altamed DVL El Monte
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El Monte, California, United States, 91731
- Altamed El Monte Clinic
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Garden Grove, California, United States, 92840
- Altamed Garden Grove Harbor
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Huntington Beach, California, United States, 92647
- Altamed Huntington Beach Clinic
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Huntington Park, California, United States, 90255
- Altamed PACE Rugby
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Long Beach, California, United States, 90802
- The Children's Clinic Family Health Center at Cesar Chavez Elementary School
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Long Beach, California, United States, 90805
- The Children's Clinic Family Health Center at Hamilton Middle School
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Long Beach, California, United States, 90806
- The S. Mark Taper Foundation Children's Clinic Family Health Center
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Long Beach, California, United States, 90813
- The Children's Clinic at the Long Beach Multi-Service Center for the Homeless
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Long Beach, California, United States, 90813
- The Vasek Polak Children's Clinic Family Health Center
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Los Angeles, California, United States, 90012
- Altamed PACE Grand Plaza
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Los Angeles, California, United States, 90012
- Altamed William Mead Homes
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Los Angeles, California, United States, 90022
- Altamed Commerce Clinic
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Los Angeles, California, United States, 90022
- Altamed DVL Commerce
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Los Angeles, California, United States, 90022
- Altamed PACE Pomona
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Los Angeles, California, United States, 90023
- Altamed Boyle Heights Clinic
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Los Angeles, California, United States, 90023
- Altamed Estrada Courts
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Los Angeles, California, United States, 90023
- Altamed Ramona Gardens
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Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033
- AltaMed 1st St Boyle Heights Clinic
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Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033
- Altamed Zonal Clinic
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Montebello, California, United States, 90640
- Altamed Montebello Clinic
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Orange, California, United States, 92869
- Altamed El Modena Clinic
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Pico Rivera, California, United States, 90060
- Altamed Pico Clinic
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Pico Rivera, California, United States, 90660
- Altamed DVL Pico
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Santa Ana, California, United States, 92701
- Altamed Santa Ana Main
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Santa Ana, California, United States, 92706
- Altamed Clinic For Women
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Santa Ana, California, United States, 92707
- Altamed Santa Ana Broadway
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Santa Ana, California, United States, 92707
- Altamed Santa Ana Central
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Massachusetts
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02035
- Brigham and Women's Primary Care Associates at Foxborough
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02108
- MGH Downtown
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02114
- Mass General Medial Group
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02114
- MGH Beacon Hill
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02114
- MGH Senior Health
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02114
- Women's Health Associates
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115
- Brigham Circle Medical Associates
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115
- Brigham Internal Medicine Associates
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115
- Spanish Clinic
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02228
- MGH Back Bay
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Brookline, Massachusetts, United States, 02446
- Brigham and Women's Primary Care Associates of Brookline
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Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States, 02129
- MGH Charlestown HealthCare Center
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Chelsea, Massachusetts, United States, 02150
- MGH Chelsea Healthcare Center
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Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States, 02467
- Brigham and Women's Physician Group
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Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States, 02467
- Gretchen and Edward Fish Center for Women's Health
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Everett, Massachusetts, United States, 02149
- Everett Family Practice
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Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States, 02130
- Brigham Primary Physicians at Faulkner
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Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States, 02130
- Brookside Community Health Center
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Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States, 02130
- Faulkner Community Physicians
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Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States, 02130
- Southern Jamaica Plain Health Center
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Newton, Massachusetts, United States, 02458
- Brigham and Women's Primary Care Associates of Newton Corner
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Revere, Massachusetts, United States, 02151
- Mass General Revere HealthCare Center
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Waltham, Massachusetts, United States, 02451
- Mass General West Medical Group
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- A practicing attending physician or advanced practice nurse ("provider") at a participating clinic in 2011-2013 who sees acute respiratory infection patients.
Exclusion Criteria:
- None.
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
- Masking: Single
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: SA, AJ, PC
Participants are given all 3 interventions.
|
Accountable Justifications triggered by discordant prescriptions that populate the electronic health record (EHR) note with provider's rationale for guideline exceptions (AJ).
Other Names:
Performance feedback that benchmarks providers' own performance to that of their peers (PC, for Peer Comparison).
Other Names:
Order Sets that are triggered by EHR workflow containing exclusively guideline concordant choices (SA, for Suggested Alternatives).
Other Names:
|
Experimental: SA, AJ
Participants receive the Suggested Alternatives and Accountable Justification interventions, but not the Peer Comparison intervention.
|
Accountable Justifications triggered by discordant prescriptions that populate the electronic health record (EHR) note with provider's rationale for guideline exceptions (AJ).
Other Names:
Order Sets that are triggered by EHR workflow containing exclusively guideline concordant choices (SA, for Suggested Alternatives).
Other Names:
|
Experimental: SA, PC
Participants receive the Suggested Alternative and Peer Comparison interventions, but not the Accountable Justification intervention.
|
Performance feedback that benchmarks providers' own performance to that of their peers (PC, for Peer Comparison).
Other Names:
Order Sets that are triggered by EHR workflow containing exclusively guideline concordant choices (SA, for Suggested Alternatives).
Other Names:
|
Experimental: AJ, PC
Participants receive the Accountable Justification and Peer Comparison interventions, but not the Suggested Alternative intervention.
|
Accountable Justifications triggered by discordant prescriptions that populate the electronic health record (EHR) note with provider's rationale for guideline exceptions (AJ).
Other Names:
Performance feedback that benchmarks providers' own performance to that of their peers (PC, for Peer Comparison).
Other Names:
|
Experimental: Peer Comparison (PC)
Participants receive the Peer Comparison intervention, but do not receive the Suggested Alternatives or Accountable Justification interventions.
|
Performance feedback that benchmarks providers' own performance to that of their peers (PC, for Peer Comparison).
Other Names:
|
Experimental: Suggested Alternatives (SA)
Participants receive the Suggested Alternatives intervention, but not the Accountable Justification or Peer Comparison interventions.
|
Order Sets that are triggered by EHR workflow containing exclusively guideline concordant choices (SA, for Suggested Alternatives).
Other Names:
|
Experimental: Accountable Justification (AJ)
Participants receive the Accountable Justification intervention, but do not receive the Suggested Alternatives or Peer Comparison interventions.
|
Accountable Justifications triggered by discordant prescriptions that populate the electronic health record (EHR) note with provider's rationale for guideline exceptions (AJ).
Other Names:
|
No Intervention: Education Control
Participants do not receive any of the 3 interventions.
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing Rate for Qualifying Acute Respiratory Infection Diagnoses
Time Frame: 18 months
|
Assess inappropriate antibiotic prescribing rates (relative to all practices that did not receive the intervention) for antibiotic-inappropriate acute respiratory tract infection visits and no concomitant reason for antibiotic prescribing. based on the following non-antibiotic-appropriate International Statistical Classification of Diseases, version 9 (ICD-9) diagnoses: 460 Acute nasopharyngitis (common cold) 465 Acute laryngeopharyngitis/acute upper respiratory infection 466 Acute bronchitis 490 Bronchitis not specified as acute or chronic 487 Flu |
18 months
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Antibiotic Prescribing Rates for Expanded List of Acute Respiratory Infection Diagnoses
Time Frame: 18 months
|
We will monitor overall prescribing for the specified diagnoses and other acute respiratory infection diagnoses, including cough/fever and pneumonia.
|
18 months
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Collaborators
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Meeker D, Linder JA, Fox CR, Friedberg MW, Persell SD, Goldstein NJ, Knight TK, Hay JW, Doctor JN. Effect of Behavioral Interventions on Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing Among Primary Care Practices: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016 Feb 9;315(6):562-70. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0275.
- Gong CL, Zangwill KM, Hay JW, Meeker D, Doctor JN. Behavioral Economics Interventions to Improve Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Infections: a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2019 Jun;34(6):846-854. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4467-x. Epub 2018 May 8.
- Gong CL, Hay JW, Meeker D, Doctor JN. Prescriber preferences for behavioural economics interventions to improve treatment of acute respiratory infections: a discrete choice experiment. BMJ Open. 2016 Sep 22;6(9):e012739. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012739.
- Persell SD, Friedberg MW, Meeker D, Linder JA, Fox CR, Goldstein NJ, Shah PD, Knight TK, Doctor JN. Use of behavioral economics and social psychology to improve treatment of acute respiratory infections (BEARI): rationale and design of a cluster randomized controlled trial [1RC4AG039115-01]--study protocol and baseline practice and provider characteristics. BMC Infect Dis. 2013 Jun 27;13:290. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-290.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Estimate)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- 1RC4AG039115-01 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
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