Pazopanib and ARQ 197 for Advanced Solid Tumors

Phase Ib Study of the Combination of Pazopanib, an Oral VEGFR Inhibitor, and ARQ 197 (Tivantinib), an Oral MET Inhibitor, in Patients With Refractory Advanced Solid Tumors

Background:

- Pazopanib is an anticancer drug that blocks the growth of new blood vessels in tumors. It has been approved to treat renal cell cancer and soft tissue sarcomas in patients who have received prior chemotherapy. ARQ 197 (Tivantinib) is an experimental drug that blocks a protein called mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET), which cancer cells need to grow. Studies suggest that some drugs that block blood vessel growth can increase the production of c-MET in tumors, which helps cancer cells keep growing. Blocking both blood vessel growth and c-MET with pazopanib and ARQ 197 may help kill cancer cells faster. This study will use these drugs to treat solid tumors that have not responded to earlier treatments.

Objectives:

- To test the safety and effectiveness of pazopanib and ARQ 197 for advanced solid tumors.

Eligibility:

- Individuals at least 18 years of age who have advanced solid tumors that have not responded to earlier treatments.

Design:

• Participants will be screened with a physical exam and medical history. They will also have blood and urine tests, and imaging studies.
• The study drugs will be given in 4-week cycles of treatment. Participants will take pazopanib once a day and ARQ 197 twice a day by mouth. Some participants will start with pazopanib or ARQ 197 alone for the first week. Then they will take both drugs together for the rest of the study.
• Participants will be monitored with frequent blood tests and imaging studies. Optional tumor samples may be collected during different treatment cycles.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Solid Tumor
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Pazopanib; Drug: ARQ 197

Detailed Description

Background:

• Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signal transduction pathways have synergistic effects on promoting angiogenesis and growth factor expression. Hypoxia caused by treatment with VEGF inhibitors results in the upregulation of mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET), the receptor for HGF. In a mouse model, combined blockade of VEGFR and c-MET significantly prolonged survival compared with inhibition of either target alone.
• We hypothesize that co-administration of the putative hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET) inhibitor ARQ 197 (Tivantinib) will prevent the adaptive response to hypoxia resulting from treatment with the VEGFR inhibitor pazopanib, and conversely, that co-administration of pazopanib will prevent the effect of increased VEGF and reduced thrombospondin 1 in tumors after treatment with ARQ 197. Therefore, the combination of these agents may result in improved antitumor effects.

Objectives:

• Establish the safety and tolerability of the combination of pazopanib with ARQ 197 in patients with refractory advanced solid tumors.
• Establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the combination of pazopanib with ARQ 197 in patients with refractory advanced solid tumors.
• Evaluate changes in MET and phospho-MET following treatment with pazopanib and ARQ 197 in patients with refractory advanced solid tumors.
• Determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of pazopanib and ARQ 197.
• Determine and compare levels of total MET, phospho MET, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers (e-cadherin, beta catenin) in tumor biopsy samples prior to and following administration of the study drugs.
• Determine and compare levels of circulating levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), soluble MET (sMET), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) (sVEGFR2) prior to and following administration of the study drugs.
• Determine polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) and correlate these with the observed toxicities, and the pharmacokinetics (PK) of ARQ 197.
• Evaluate antitumor activity of the combination of pazopanib and ARQ 197 in patients with refractory advanced solid tumors.

Eligibility:

-Adults with advanced, refractory solid tumors. Patients enrolling in the expansion cohorts must have advanced sarcoma, gastric cancer, and MET-expressing malignancies, have disease amenable to biopsy, and be willing to undergo pre-and post-treatment biopsies.

Study Design:

• ARQ 197 will be administered orally twice daily and pazopanib orally once daily, in 28-day cycles.
• Dose escalation will proceed using the traditional 3+3 design.
• Once the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is established, an additional cohort will be accrued for pharmacodynamic (PD) studies in tumor biopsies (required in the expansion phase). For the first week, patients will receive pazopanib alone to compare PK and PD results; combination therapy will be given from week 2 onwards.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 32
• Phase: Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Maryland
    • Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892
      • National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 14 years to 116 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

• ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:
• Patients with histologically confirmed (by the Laboratory of Pathology, National Institutes of Health (NIH) solid tumors that have progressed following at least one line of standard therapy or for whom no standard treatment options exist.
• Patients must have measurable or evaluable disease.
• Patients enrolling in the expansion cohorts must have disease amenable to biopsy, and be willing to undergo pre-and post-treatment biopsies.
• Patients must have completed any chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or biologic therapy greater than or equal to 4 weeks prior to entering the study (6 weeks for nitrosoureas or mitomycin C). Patients must be greater than or equal to 2 weeks since any prior administration of a study drug in a phase 0 or equivalent study. Patients must have recovered to eligibility levels from prior toxicity or adverse events. Treatment with bisphosphonates is permitted.
• Patients who have had prior treatment with any anti-angiogenic therapy and/or mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (c-MET) inhibitor are eligible in the dose escalation phase unless the antiangiogenic therapy and/or c-MET inhibitor were administered within the 4 weeks prior to entering the study. In the expansion phase, prior c-MET inhibitor is not allowed, and anti-angiogenic therapy is allowed unless it was administered within the 3 months prior to entering the study.
• Age greater than or equal to 18 years. Because no dosing or adverse event data are currently available on the use of pazopanib in combination with ARQ 197 (Tivantinib) in patients less than 18 years of age, children are excluded from this study.
• Life expectancy greater than 3 months.
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 or 1.

• Patients must have normal organ and marrow function as defined below:

  • Absolute neutrophil count greater than or equal to 1,500/microL
  • Platelets greater than or equal to 100,000/microL
  • Total bilirubin less than or equal to 1.5 X institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)
  • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(SGOT)/alanine transaminase (ALT) serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase(SGPT) less than or equal to 2.5 X institutional ULN
  • Creatinine less than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL (133 mcmol/L); OR
  • Measured creatinine greater than or equal to 60 mL/minute for patients with clearance creatinine levels greater than 1.5 mg/dL
  • Urine protein/creatinine ratio less than 1 OR 24-hour urine protein less than 1 gram
• Subjects who have both bilirubin greater than ULN and AST/ALT greater than ULN are not eligible.
• Subjects in the expansion cohort must have prothrombin time (PT)/ international normalized ratio (INR)/partial thromboplastin time (PTT) less than or equal to 1.2 X institutional ULN, except patients with confirmed positive lupus anticoagulant test.
• Subjects must have blood pressure (BP) no greater than 140 mmHg (systolic) and 90 mmHg (diastolic) for eligibility. Initiation or adjustment of BP medication is permitted prior to study entry provided that the average of three BP readings at a visit prior to enrollment is less than 140/90 mmHg.
• The effects of study drugs on the developing human fetus are unknown. For this reason, women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry, for the duration of study participation, and for at least 2 months after dosing with study drugs ceases. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her partner is participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately. Women of child-bearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test prior to entry.
• Patients must be able to swallow whole tablets or capsules. Nasogastric or G-tube administration is not allowed.
• Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

• Patients who are receiving any other investigational agents.
• Patients with active brain metastases or carcinomatous meningitis are excluded from this clinical trial. Patients whose brain metastatic disease status has remained stable for greater than or equal to 4 weeks following treatment of the brain metastases are eligible to participate.
• History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to pazopanib or ARQ 197.
• Eligibility of subjects receiving any medications or substances known to affect or with the potential to affect the activity or pharmacokinetics of pazopanib or ARQ 197 will be determined following review of their cases by the Principal Investigator. Efforts should be made to switch subjects with gliomas or brain metastases who are taking enzyme inducing anticonvulsant agents to other medications.

• Certain medications that act through the cytochromes P450 (CYP450) system are specifically prohibited in subjects receiving pazopanib and ARQ 197 and others should be avoided or administered with extreme caution.

  • Strong inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, atazanavir, indinavir, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, voriconazole may increase pazopanib concentrations and are prohibited; although, in exceptional circumstances they may be administered in conjunction with lowering the dose of pazopanib by 50% of what would otherwise be administered. Grapefruit juice is also an inhibitor of CYP450 and should not be taken with pazopanib.
  • Strong inducers of Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4 (CYP3A4), such as rifampin, may decrease pazopanib concentrations, are strictly prohibited.
  • Medications which have narrow therapeutic windows and are substrates of CYP3A4, cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6), or cytochrome P₄₅₀2C8 (CYP2C8) should be avoided and, if necessary, administered with caution.
  • Inhibitors or inducers of cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) should be avoided and, if necessary, administered with caution.
• Cardiovascular baseline corrected QT Interval (QTc) greater than or equal to 480 msec will exclude patients from entry on study. Medications that may cause QTc interval prolongation are listed, and should be avoided by patients entering on trial. Patients for whom a given medication that may cause QTc interval prolongation cannot be discontinued may be eligible at the discretion of the study principal investigator (PI). A comprehensive list of agents with the potential to cause QTc prolongation can be found at http://www.azcert.org/medical-pros/drug-lists/bycategory.cfm. (Note: If subjects must take medications with a risk or possible risk of Torsades de Pointes, they should be watched carefully for symptoms of Torsades de Pointes, such as syncope. Performing additional electrocardiograms (EKGs) on subjects who must take one or more of these medications is not required; however, additional investigations, including EKGs, may be performed as per the treating physicians judgment.)

• Subjects with any of the following cardiovascular conditions within the past 6 months:

  • cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or transient ischemic attack (TIA)
  • clinically significant bradycardia or other uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia
  • admission for unstable angina or myocardial infarction
  • cardiac angioplasty or stenting
  • coronary artery bypass graft surgery
  • pulmonary embolism, untreated deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or DVT which has been treated with therapeutic anticoagulation for less than 6 weeks
  • arterial thrombosis
  • symptomatic peripheral vascular disease

  • Class III or IV heart failure as defined by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification system. A subject who has a history of Class II heart failure and is asymptomatic on treatment may be considered eligible

    • History of serious or non-healing wound, ulcer, or bone fracture.
    • Patients who received major surgery within the past 4 weeks
    • Subjects with any condition that may impair the ability to swallow or absorb oral medications/investigational product including:
  • any lesion, whether induced by tumor, radiation or other conditions, which makes it difficult to swallow capsules or pills
  • prior surgical procedures affecting absorption including, but not limited to major resection of stomach or small bowel
  • active peptic ulcer disease
  • malabsorption syndrome

• Subjects with any condition that may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding or gastrointestinal perforation, including

  • active peptic ulcer disease
  • known intraluminal metastatic lesions
  • inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease) or other gastrointestinal conditions which increase the risk of perforation

  • history of abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation or intraabdominal abscess within 28 days prior to beginning study treatment

    • History of hemoptysis in excess of 2.5 mL (1/2 teaspoon ) within 8 weeks prior to first dose of study drug.
    • Urine protein/creatinine ratio should be screened by urine analysis. If protein is 1+ or higher, 24-hour urine protein should be obtained and the level should be less than 1g for patient enrollment. Patients with less than 1+ proteinuria are eligible following initial determination by urinalysis within 1 week prior to enrollment and do not need the urinalysis repeated.
    • Patients with clinically significant intercurrent illnesses, including but not limited to, life threatening infection, psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements will not be eligible to participate.
    • Pregnant women are excluded from this study because the effects of the study drugs on the developing fetus are unknown. Because there is an unknown but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with the study drugs, breastfeeding should be discontinued prior to the first dose of study drug and women should refrain from nursing throughout the treatment period and for 14 days following the last dose of study drug.
    • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients on combination antiretroviral therapy are ineligible because of the potential for pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions.
    • Patients who require use of coumarin-derivative anticoagulants such as warfarin are excluded. Low molecular weight heparin is permitted for prophylactic use, but not therapeutic use.

INCLUSION OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES:

Both men and women of all races and ethnic groups are eligible for this trial.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: A/Combination pazopanib plus ARQ 197 (Tivantinib); Combination pazopanib plus ARQ197 at doses established during escalation phase	Drug: Pazopanib; Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR) inhibitor; Other Names: Votrient; Drug: ARQ 197; Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor [c-MET]) inhibitor; Other Names: Tivantinib

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Events, Highest Occurrence Per Participant	The highest Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0). Grade 3 is severe, and Grade 4 is life threatening.	Time receiving study drug, up to 22 cycles
Changes in MET and Phospho-MET Levels	MET or phospho-MET levels (in fmol) normalized to the amount of total protein in a sample (in mg).	MET and phospho-MET levels were measured on Cycle 1 Day 1 and Cycle 1 Day 8.

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Participants With Serious and Non-serious Adverse Events Assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0)	Here is the number of participants with serious and non-serious adverse events assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v4.0). A non-serious adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence. A serious adverse event is an adverse event or suspected adverse reaction that results in death, a life-threatening adverse drug experience, hospitalization, disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions, congenital anomaly/birth defect or important medical events that jeopardize the patient or subject and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the previous outcomes mentioned.	Date treatment consent signed to date off study, approx 22m (month)/2 days(d); 13m/20 d; 5m/23 d; 17m./24 d; 7 m/5 d; 5m/5 d; 5m/13 d; and 23m/21d for DL1, DL2, DL3, DL3 foll/by DL2, DL4, DL4 foll/by DL3, DL 4 foll/by DL 3 foll/by DL2; & DL5 respectively.
Pazopanib-induced Changes to Epithelial-mesenchymal Phenotype in Human Tumors	Core tumor biopsies were collected from participants with advanced malignancies. Analyses was performed by epithelial-mesenchymal transition immunofluorescence assay (EMT-IFA) for changes in E-cadherin (E+), vimentin(V+), and mixed V+E+ phenotypes. The small imaging pixel size (0.25 µm^2)of the IFA relative to the dimensions of the cross sectional areas of tumor (ranging from 75 to 500 µm^2 in parotid, prostate, colon, and ovarian cancers) allowed us to quantify individual areas of V+ and E+ staining as well as areas of colocalized E+V+ staining within single cells. The assay reports the change in log10(V/E) vratios. The log10(V/E) ratio was determined pre-treatment and in day 8 biopsies and the reported values indicate the change between the two time points. Each value in the table as currently written reflects the change in log10(V/E) ratios between pre- and post-treatment E-cadherin and vimentin values. The full range values indicate the range of changes observed for individual pt.	Pre-treatment and day 8 post administration

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Gerritsen ME, Tomlinson JE, Zlot C, Ziman M, Hwang S. Using gene expression profiling to identify the molecular basis of the synergistic actions of hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in human endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Oct;140(4):595-610. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705494. Epub 2003 Sep 22.
• Xin X, Yang S, Ingle G, Zlot C, Rangell L, Kowalski J, Schwall R, Ferrara N, Gerritsen ME. Hepatocyte growth factor enhances vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Am J Pathol. 2001 Mar;158(3):1111-20. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64058-8.
• Van Belle E, Witzenbichler B, Chen D, Silver M, Chang L, Schwall R, Isner JM. Potentiated angiogenic effect of scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor via induction of vascular endothelial growth factor: the case for paracrine amplification of angiogenesis. Circulation. 1998 Feb 3;97(4):381-90. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.4.381.

Helpful Links

• NIH Clinical Center Detailed Web Page

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 23, 2012
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 30, 2014
• Study Completion (Actual): February 11, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 8, 2011
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 8, 2011
• First Posted (Estimate): November 10, 2011

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 1, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 8, 2022
• Last Verified: June 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Cancer; Solid Tumor; Advanced Cancer; Sarcoma; Pazopanib; Anti-Angiogenesis; Tivantinib; MET Inhibitor
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Neoplasms
• Other Study ID Numbers: 120009; 12-C-0009

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No