- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT01524705
FLuctuATion Reduction With inSULin and Glp-1 Added togetheR (FLAT-SUGAR) (FLAT-SUGAR)
FLAT-SUGAR: FLuctuATion Reduction With inSULin and Glp-1 Added togetheR
Results of recent studies using standard long and short acting insulin therapy (Basal - Bolus or BBI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have not shown benefits to lower risks for heart attacks, strokes, or eye, nerve and kidney problems. Some studies also show a long time between the start of treatment and signs of benefit. This has led to a review of current ways to normalize blood glucose control with basal bolus insulin and how to make blood glucose better. Improving blood sugar with insulin therapy usually causes weight gain, more high sugar levels after meals, and more low blood sugars. Early studies suggest that when people take long-acting insulin and metformin, they have fewer blood sugar extremes when they also take a new type of medicine called glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist named exenatide (Byetta), instead of meal-time insulin. This means there might be a better way to treat Type 2 diabetes.
Participants are asked to take part in an eight month study to find out if middle-aged and older people with Type 2 diabetes who have added risk factors for heart disease can even out their blood sugar levels. They will start on long-acting insulin, mealtime insulin, and metformin, if they are not already on these medications. Their kidney function tests must be normal and they must not be allergic to metformin. Then, after a 2 month run-in phase, they must be willing to be assigned by chance into one of two groups. This means that they will have a 50/50 chance (like flipping a coin) of being in either group. Half of them will be started on the new medicine known as Byetta rather than the meal-time insulin and the other half will remain on the meal-time insulin during the next 6 months (26 weeks) to see which group has more steady blood sugars. They will be asked to use a continuous blood sugar monitoring system called DexCom. A sensor is inserted under the skin in the same areas the insulin is injected. The DexCom can check their blood sugars 24 hours of the day and night and will be worn until 7 days of recordings are collected. In the same 7 day period, they will also be asked to wear a Holter or Telemetry monitor that will record their heart beats and rhythm which will be compared to the blood sugar readings. They will also use home glucose meters to check their glucose levels about 3 to 4 times a day. The study will take place at 12 centers in the United States and enroll about 120-130 people.
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
Recent medical endpoint studies employing conventional basal bolus insulin therapy (BBI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been disappointing, showing either inconsistent or no effect of treatments on risks for micro- or macro-vascular events, or a long interval between treatment initiation and evidence of clinical benefit. In fact, one trial has suggested that treating glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) to lower targets may even lead to harm. This has raised the possibility that more aggressive glucose lowering approaches lead to harm that overwhelms benefit in those with T2DM. Potential explanations for these results include three closely related physiologic processes: glycemic variability, weight gain and hypoglycemia. Too much variability of glucose, especially post-prandial hyperglycemia, poses the dilemma of how to achieve near-normal mean glucose and HbA1C levels without causing insulin-induced hypoglycemia and/or weight gain. All three of these processes have been linked to worsening systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, and to increased renal and cardiovascular risks.
Fortunately, new tools are available that allow us to assess the severity of glycemic variability (continuous glucose monitoring, or CGM), and to investigate the mechanisms through which it may lead to cardiovascular risk (e.g., systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, sensitive measures of diabetic renal disease, and Holter or Telemetry monitoring for hypoglycemia-induced arrhythmias). In addition, preliminary studies have suggested that replacement of rapid-acting analogue (RAA) in traditional BBI with the glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, exenatide, may substantially reduce glycemic variability without a strong tendency to increase body weight or hypoglycemia.
This research trial, "FLuctuATion reduction with inSUlin and Glp-1 Added togetheR (FLAT-SUGAR)", by using these new methods to optimize glycemic control while limiting unwanted adverse effects, will be a definitive comparative effectiveness trial. This trial is designed to address the following primary hypothesis:
In middle aged and older individuals with T2DM and additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and on a background therapy of basal insulin (insulin glargine) and metformin, the addition of the GLP-1 analogue, exenatide, reduces glycemic variability more than the addition of a rapid-acting-analogue (RAA) (insulin aspart, insulin glulisine or insulin lispro) during an active treatment period of 26 weeks.
The primary outcome measure will be the change in the coefficient of variation of continuous glucose readings, as assessed by CGM. Importantly, FLAT-SUGAR will plan, a priori, to assess glycemic variability using CGM. Secondary trial goals will be to explore potential between-group differences in complications that may result from glycemic variability, including hypoglycemia, systemic inflammation and oxidant stress, diabetic renal disease, weight gain and cardiac arrhythmias. If, as we expect, FLAT-SUGAR demonstrates that CGM provides objective verification of reduced glycemic variability in T2DM with the new GLP-1 agonist-based regimen, the main goal of the trial will be accomplished. If reduced variability is associated with lower risks of adverse events of inflammation, albuminuria progression, weight gain, hypoglycemia, and/or cardiac arrhythmia, a long term clinical comparative effectiveness trial powered to evaluate medical outcomes will be justified.
In order to conduct FLAT-SUGAR, a randomized, controlled, multicenter, open-label investigator-initiated trial, the primary funding is supported by Sanofi-Aventis US with donations of other medications and devices by several other companies. The Sponsor-Investigator is the University of Washington, which will also be the Operation Center (OC).The Data Center (DC) is the University of Texas at Houston School of Public Health. There will be 12 clinical sites with diabetes and CGM expertise to screen and enroll qualified participants for approximately 8-10 weeks of a run-in period, then ultimately randomize, and follow 120 total participants for an active treatment period of 26 weeks.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Phase 4
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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California
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San Diego, California, United States, 92109
- So Calif. Permanente Medical Group
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Florida
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Miami, Florida, United States, 33136
- University of Miami
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Georgia
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Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30309
- Atlanta Diabetes Associates
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Massachusetts
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215
- Joslin Diabetes Center
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Minnesota
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Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55416
- International Diabetes Center
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Missouri
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Saint Louis, Missouri, United States, 63110
- Washington University
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New York
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Buffalo, New York, United States, 14209
- Kaledia Health of Western New York
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North Carolina
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Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27713
- Diabetes Care Center
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Oregon
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Portland, Oregon, United States, 97239
- Oregon Health and Science University
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Vermont
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Colchester, Vermont, United States, 05446
- University of Vermont
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Washington
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Seattle, Washington, United States, 98105
- University of Washington
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Spokane, Washington, United States, 99202
- Washington State University Spokane, College of Pharmacy Spokane WA 99202 USA
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- T2DM for >12 months defined according to current ADA criteria
- C-peptide >0.5 ng/mL-after informed consent has been signed, samples will be drawn fasting and sent to a central lab
- Participants must be on insulin therapy. Diabetes, Blood Pressure & Lipid therapy must be stable (in both dose and agent) for ≥3 months (dose of any 1 drug has not changed by more than 2-fold, & new agents not been added within the previous 3 months)
- HbA1c 7.5-8.5% for enrollment
Age at enrollment (screening): 40-75 years (inclusive) when there is a history of cardiovascular disease (defined in 'a'), or 55 to 75 years (inclusive) when there is not a history of cardiovascular disease but 2 or more risk factors (with or without treatment) are present (defined in 'b')
a) Established cardiovascular disease defined as presence of one of the following: i. Previous myocardial infarction (MI). (most recent must be > 3 months prior enrollment) ii. Previous stroke. (most recent must be >3 months prior enrollment) iii. History of coronary revascularization (e.g., coronary artery bypass graft surgery, stent placement, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or laser atherectomy)(most recent must be > 3 months prior enrollment) iv. History of carotid or peripheral revascularization (e.g., carotid endarterectomy, lower extremity atherosclerotic disease atherectomy, repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm, femoral or popliteal bypass). (most recent must be >3 months prior enrollment) v. Angina with either ischemic changes on a resting ECG, or ECG changes on a graded exercise test (GXT), or positive cardiac imaging study vi. Ankle/brachial index <0.9 vii. LVH with strain by ECG or ECHO viii. >50% stenosis of a coronary, carotid, renal or lower extremity artery. ix. Urine albumin to urine creatinine ratio of >30 mg albumin/g creatinine in 2 samples, separated by at least 7 days, within past 12 months) [Target of 50% of study cohort] or b) Increased CVD risk defined as presence of 2 or more of the following: i. Untreated LDL-C >130 mg/dL or on lipid treatment ii. Low HDL-C (<40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women) iii. Untreated systolic BP >140 mm Hg, or on antihypertensive treatment iv. Current cigarette smoking v. Body mass index 25-45 (Asian populations 23-45) kg/m2
- No expectation that participant will move out of clinical center area during the next 8 months, unless move will be to an area served by another trial center
- Ability to speak & read English
Exclusion Criteria:
- The presence of a physical disability, significant medical or psychiatric disorder; substance abuse or use of a medication that in the judgment of the investigator will affect the use of CGM, wearing of the sensors, Holter or Telemetry monitor, complex medication regimen, or completion of any aspect of the protocol
- Cannot have had any cardiovascular event or interventional procedure, (MI, Stroke or revascularization) or been hospitalized for unstable angina within the last 3 months
- Inability or unwillingness to discontinue use of acetaminophen products during CGM use
- Inability or unwillingness to discontinue use of all other diabetes agents other than insulin & metformin during trial (including insulin pump participants who will need to convert to BBI)
- Intolerance of metformin dose <500 mg/day
- Inability or unwillingness to perform blood glucose testing a minimum of 3 times/per day
- Creatinine level ≥1.5 for males or 1.4 for females
- ALT level ≥ 3 times upper limit of normal
- Current symptomatic heart failure, history of NYHA Class III or IV congestive heart failure at any time, or ejection fraction (by any method) < 25%
- Inpatient psychiatric treatment in the past 6 months
- Currently participating in an intervention trial
- Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as collagen vascular diseases or inflammatory bowel disease
- History of pancreatitis
- BMI >45kg/m2
- For females, pregnant or intending to become pregnant during the next 7 months
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
- Masking: Double
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Insulin Glargine, metformin, exenatide
Approximately 60 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) participants will be instructed on an American Heart Association/American Diabetes Association (AHA/ADA) meal plan.
Insulin Glargine, metformin and exenatide will used as a combination strategy to control individual glycosylated hemoglobin level (HbA1Cs) between 6.7 and 7.3% throughout the trial.
The use of exenatide makes this the intervention arm
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Glargine-injectable, variable, once daily (QD), 6 months
Other Names:
Metformin-oral, up to 1000mg, twice daily (BID), 6 months
Other Names:
Injectable, 5mcg, twice daily (BID), 6 months
Other Names:
|
Active Comparator: glargine, metformin, prandial insulin
Approximately 60 type 2 DM participants will be instructed in AHA/ADA meal plan.
Insulin Glargine, metformin and one of 3 prandial insulins will be used as combination strategy to control individual HbA1Cs between 6.7 and 7.3%.
Prandial Insulins (aspart, glulisine or lispro).
The use of the short acting insulins make this the control arm
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Glargine-injectable, variable, once daily (QD), 6 months
Other Names:
Metformin-oral, up to 1000mg, twice daily (BID), 6 months
Other Names:
Aspart or glulisine or lispro
Other Names:
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Coefficient of Variation at 26 Weeks Minus Coefficient of Variation at Baseline
Time Frame: At baseline, 6 months of intervention
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The change in the coefficient of variation (CV) of continuous glucose readings, as assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
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At baseline, 6 months of intervention
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Number of Participants With Hypoglycemia
Time Frame: 26 weeks
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Severe hypoglycemia-documented glucose <50mg/dl (participant journal), and hypoglycemic attacks requiring hospitalization, or treatment by emergency personnel.
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26 weeks
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Weight Change During Trial
Time Frame: Baseline vs 26 weeks
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Weight in kg at 26 weeks minus weight at baseline.
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Baseline vs 26 weeks
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Other Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
HbA1C Levels
Time Frame: Baseline vs 26 weeks
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% of glycosylated hemoglobin in whole blood at 26 weeks
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Baseline vs 26 weeks
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Jeffrey L Probstfield, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of Washington
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
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- Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, Zieve FJ, Marks J, Davis SN, Hayward R, Warren SR, Goldman S, McCarren M, Vitek ME, Henderson WG, Huang GD; VADT Investigators. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 8;360(2):129-39. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0808431. Epub 2008 Dec 17. Erratum In: N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 3;361(10):1028. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 3;361(10):1024-5.
- Kovatchev BP, Clarke WL, Breton M, Brayman K, McCall A. Quantifying temporal glucose variability in diabetes via continuous glucose monitoring: mathematical methods and clinical application. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005 Dec;7(6):849-62. doi: 10.1089/dia.2005.7.849.
- Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 24;348(17):1625-38. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021423.
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- Tannock LR, O'Brien KD, Knopp RH, Retzlaff B, Fish B, Wener MH, Kahn SE, Chait A. Cholesterol feeding increases C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A levels in lean insulin-sensitive subjects. Circulation. 2005 Jun 14;111(23):3058-62. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.506188. Epub 2005 Jun 6.
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- Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, Michel F, Villon L, Cristol JP, Colette C. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2006 Apr 12;295(14):1681-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.14.1681.
- Esposito K, Ciotola M, Carleo D, Schisano B, Sardelli L, Di Tommaso D, Misso L, Saccomanno F, Ceriello A, Giugliano D. Post-meal glucose peaks at home associate with carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Apr;93(4):1345-50. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-2000. Epub 2008 Jan 15.
- Esposito K, Giugliano D, Nappo F, Marfella R; Campanian Postprandial Hyperglycemia Study Group. Regression of carotid atherosclerosis by control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2004 Jul 13;110(2):214-9. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000134501.57864.66. Epub 2004 Jun 14.
- Stehouwer CD, Gall MA, Twisk JW, Knudsen E, Emeis JJ, Parving HH. Increased urinary albumin excretion, endothelial dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes: progressive, interrelated, and independently associated with risk of death. Diabetes. 2002 Apr;51(4):1157-65. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1157.
- Shikano M, Sobajima H, Yoshikawa H, Toba T, Kushimoto H, Katsumata H, Tomita M, Kawashima S. Usefulness of a highly sensitive urinary and serum IL-6 assay in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Nephron. 2000 May;85(1):81-5. doi: 10.1159/000045634.
- KDOQI. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007 Feb;49(2 Suppl 2):S12-154. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.12.005. No abstract available.
- Dinneen SF, Gerstein HC. The association of microalbuminuria and mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A systematic overview of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Jul 14;157(13):1413-8.
- Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q, Zinman B, Dinneen SF, Hoogwerf B, Halle JP, Young J, Rashkow A, Joyce C, Nawaz S, Yusuf S; HOPE Study Investigators. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA. 2001 Jul 25;286(4):421-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.4.421.
- Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G. Time to abandon microalbuminuria? Kidney Int. 2006 Oct;70(7):1214-22. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001729. Epub 2006 Jul 26.
- Robinson RT, Harris ND, Ireland RH, Lee S, Newman C, Heller SR. Mechanisms of abnormal cardiac repolarization during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Diabetes. 2003 Jun;52(6):1469-74. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.6.1469.
- Desouza C, Salazar H, Cheong B, Murgo J, Fonseca V. Association of hypoglycemia and cardiac ischemia: a study based on continuous monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2003 May;26(5):1485-9. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.5.1485.
- Gill GV, Woodward A, Casson IF, Weston PJ. Cardiac arrhythmia and nocturnal hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes--the 'dead in bed' syndrome revisited. Diabetologia. 2009 Jan;52(1):42-5. doi: 10.1007/s00125-008-1177-7. Epub 2008 Oct 30.
- Dungan KM, Buse JB, Largay J, Kelly MM, Button EA, Kato S, Wittlin S. 1,5-anhydroglucitol and postprandial hyperglycemia as measured by continuous glucose monitoring system in moderately controlled patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Jun;29(6):1214-9. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1910.
- Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocr Rev. 2005 May;26(3):439-51. doi: 10.1210/er.2005-0005.
- Sun J, Xu Y, Deng H, Sun S, Dai Z, Sun Y. Intermittent high glucose exacerbates the aberrant production of adiponectin and resistin through mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in adipocytes. J Mol Endocrinol. 2010 Mar;44(3):179-85. doi: 10.1677/JME-09-0088.
- Bergt C, Pennathur S, Fu X, Byun J, O'Brien K, McDonald TO, Singh P, Anantharamaiah GM, Chait A, Brunzell J, Geary RL, Oram JF, Heinecke JW. The myeloperoxidase product hypochlorous acid oxidizes HDL in the human artery wall and impairs ABCA1-dependent cholesterol transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 31;101(35):13032-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0405292101. Epub 2004 Aug 23.
- Shao B, Pennathur S, Pagani I, Oda MN, Witztum JL, Oram JF, Heinecke JW. Modifying apolipoprotein A-I by malondialdehyde, but not by an array of other reactive carbonyls, blocks cholesterol efflux by the ABCA1 pathway. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 11;285(24):18473-84. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.118182. Epub 2010 Apr 8.
- Vaisar T, Pennathur S, Green PS, Gharib SA, Hoofnagle AN, Cheung MC, Byun J, Vuletic S, Kassim S, Singh P, Chea H, Knopp RH, Brunzell J, Geary R, Chait A, Zhao XQ, Elkon K, Marcovina S, Ridker P, Oram JF, Heinecke JW. Shotgun proteomics implicates protease inhibition and complement activation in the antiinflammatory properties of HDL. J Clin Invest. 2007 Mar;117(3):746-56. doi: 10.1172/JCI26206.
- Green PS, Vaisar T, Pennathur S, Kulstad JJ, Moore AB, Marcovina S, Brunzell J, Knopp RH, Zhao XQ, Heinecke JW. Combined statin and niacin therapy remodels the high-density lipoprotein proteome. Circulation. 2008 Sep 16;118(12):1259-67. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.770669. Epub 2008 Sep 2.
- Hoofnagle AN, Wu M, Gosmanova AK, Becker JO, Wijsman EM, Brunzell JD, Kahn SE, Knopp RH, Lyons TJ, Heinecke JW. Low clusterin levels in high-density lipoprotein associate with insulin resistance, obesity, and dyslipoproteinemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010 Dec;30(12):2528-34. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.212894. Epub 2010 Sep 16.
- Rosenfeld SI, Packman CH, Leddy JP. Inhibition of the lytic action of cell-bound terminal complement components by human high density lipoproteins and apoproteins. J Clin Invest. 1983 Apr;71(4):795-808. doi: 10.1172/jci110833.
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- Service FJ, Molnar GD, Rosevear JW, Ackerman E, Gatewood LC, Taylor WF. Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, a measure of diabetic instability. Diabetes. 1970 Sep;19(9):644-55. doi: 10.2337/diab.19.9.644. No abstract available.
- Clarke W, Kovatchev B. Statistical tools to analyze continuous glucose monitor data. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009 Jun;11 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S45-54. doi: 10.1089/dia.2008.0138.
- McDonnell CM, Donath SM, Vidmar SI, Werther GA, Cameron FJ. A novel approach to continuous glucose analysis utilizing glycemic variation. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005 Apr;7(2):253-63. doi: 10.1089/dia.2005.7.253.
- Hirsch IB. Blood glucose monitoring technology: translating data into practice. Endocr Pract. 2004 Jan-Feb;10(1):67-76. doi: 10.4158/EP.10.1.67.
- Rodbard D. New and improved methods to characterize glycemic variability using continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009 Sep;11(9):551-65. doi: 10.1089/dia.2009.0015.
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- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group; Tamborlane WV, Beck RW, Bode BW, Buckingham B, Chase HP, Clemons R, Fiallo-Scharer R, Fox LA, Gilliam LK, Hirsch IB, Huang ES, Kollman C, Kowalski AJ, Laffel L, Lawrence JM, Lee J, Mauras N, O'Grady M, Ruedy KJ, Tansey M, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer S, Wilson DM, Wolpert H, Wysocki T, Xing D. Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 2;359(14):1464-76. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0805017. Epub 2008 Sep 8.
- ADVANCE Collaborative Group; Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, Marre M, Cooper M, Glasziou P, Grobbee D, Hamet P, Harrap S, Heller S, Liu L, Mancia G, Mogensen CE, Pan C, Poulter N, Rodgers A, Williams B, Bompoint S, de Galan BE, Joshi R, Travert F. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2560-72. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0802987. Epub 2008 Jun 6.
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group; Beck RW, Hirsch IB, Laffel L, Tamborlane WV, Bode BW, Buckingham B, Chase P, Clemons R, Fiallo-Scharer R, Fox LA, Gilliam LK, Huang ES, Kollman C, Kowalski AJ, Lawrence JM, Lee J, Mauras N, O'Grady M, Ruedy KJ, Tansey M, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer SA, Wilson DM, Wolpert H, Wysocki T, Xing D. The effect of continuous glucose monitoring in well-controlled type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Aug;32(8):1378-83. doi: 10.2337/dc09-0108. Epub 2009 May 8.
- Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group; Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Bigger JT, Buse JB, Cushman WC, Genuth S, Ismail-Beigi F, Grimm RH Jr, Probstfield JL, Simons-Morton DG, Friedewald WT. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2545-59. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0802743. Epub 2008 Jun 6.
- FLAT-SUGAR Trial Investigators. Glucose Variability in a 26-Week Randomized Comparison of Mealtime Treatment With Rapid-Acting Insulin Versus GLP-1 Agonist in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes at High Cardiovascular Risk. Diabetes Care. 2016 Jun;39(6):973-81. doi: 10.2337/dc15-2782. Epub 2016 Apr 19.
- FLAT-SUGAR Trial Investigators; Probstfield JL, Hirsch I, O'Brien K, Davis B, Bergenstal R, Kingry C, Khakpour D, Pressel S, Branch KR, Riddle M. Design of FLAT-SUGAR: Randomized Trial of Prandial Insulin Versus Prandial GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Together With Basal Insulin and Metformin for High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015 Aug;38(8):1558-66. doi: 10.2337/dc14-2689. Epub 2015 Jun 11.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Estimated)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- 42178
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
IPD Plan Description
IPD Sharing Time Frame
IPD Sharing Access Criteria
IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type
- STUDY_PROTOCOL
- SAP
- ICF
- ANALYTIC_CODE
- CSR
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.
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