Efficacy of the Female Athlete Body Project (FAB) (FAB)

Healthy Weight Intervention in Female Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Given the cost of treating eating disorders and the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with these disorders, prevention of eating disorders has considerable public health significance. Female athletes represent an important population for prevention due to their risk for the Female Athlete Triad, which includes inadequate energy intake, irregular or cessation of menses, and osteoporosis. The proposed randomized controlled trial will provide important information regarding the efficacy, acceptability, and feasibility of implementing a brief eating disorder prevention and healthy living program within an existing social system of female athletes.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Eating Disorders; Female Athlete Triad
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Healthy Weight; Other: Brochure

Detailed Description

Research supports the use of a Healthy Weight (HW) program targeting small lifestyle modifications in the prevention of ED onset and in reducing ED risk factors. Studies show that HW can be tailored for specific social systems (e.g., sororities) which can facilitate dissemination and that undergraduate peer-leaders can implement these programs. Interventions that can be administered affordably by endogenous providers are more likely to be disseminated, as indicated by the large scale dissemination of a peer-led ED prevention program by a national sorority. Another target social system for dissemination of ED prevention is collegiate athletics. Research suggests that disordered eating among female athletes is prevalent, and that this group is at greater, or at least equal, risk for developing EDs as non-athlete females. Disordered eating is especially dangerous in female athletes because it increases risk for the Female Athlete Triad (i.e., low energy availability/disordered eating, menstrual disorders, and decreased bone mineral density/osteoporosis) and subsequent injury. Moreover, the triad puts athletes at risk for serious long-term health consequences, such as osteoporosis, reproductive disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Despite this, efforts aimed at prevention of EDs among this group remain surprisingly limited. A pilot study with female athletes suggests that a modified version of HW can be successfully implemented by peer-leaders within the constraints of a competitive athletics program with positive effects at 12 month follow-up. The proposed study is to evaluate a randomized controlled trial of the HW intervention among female athletes. 500 female collegiate athletes from three sites will be randomized to either the HW prevention program or a brochure waitlist control condition using group (cluster) randomization based on teams. Participants will complete surveys and telephone interviews at pretest, posttest, and at 6 and 12 month follow-ups. The investigators will examine; (1) the efficacy of HW in reducing empirically supported ED risk factors relative to a waitlist brochure control condition at one year, (2) whether HW impacts secondary outcomes, including knowledge and identification of the female athlete triad, treatment seeking for the triad, affect, and health care utilization, and (3) whether positive effects for HW replicate the effects from the pilot study at one year and 18 months for the HW condition only. Based on previous promising findings, the department of athletics involved in the study have chosen to implement HW to all athletics teams on a mandatory basis on a staggered schedule. Given that it is unethical to require human subjects to participate in research, the proposed study (i.e., the study) must be separated from the program (i.e., the athlete prevention program) it aims to assess. Thus, the overall study will evaluate (via assessment measures) the program that the departments of athletics deliver at three sites, i.e. LSU, TU/IW, and AU.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 481
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Louisiana
    • Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States, 70808
      • Pennington Biomedical Research Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child; Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Female
• Member of a University-sponsored athletic team,
• Are willing and able to provide informed consent, attend all study visits, and comply with the study protocol

Exclusion Criteria:

• None

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Healthy Weight Intervention; Eating Disorder Prevention Program	Behavioral: Healthy Weight; Eating Disorder Prevention Program for Athletes
Other: Brochure wait list; Brochure wait list control group	Other: Brochure; Brochure on the Female athlete triad

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)	The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) assesses eating disorder behaviors through a self-report questionnaire. There are four subscales of the EDE-Q--Restraint, Eating Concern, Shape Concern, and Weight Concern--with scores for each ranging from 0-6. Overall scores also range from 0-6. Higher scores reflect greater severity of eating disorder psychopathology. Subscales are averaged to compute a total score.	18 months
Number of Subjective and Objective Binge Episodes as Measured by the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)	Frequency of subjective and objective binge episodes is reported.	18 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Secondary Outcomes	Internalization of the Sport-Specific Thin-Ideal (ISTI) measures thin-ideal internalization specific to athletes (average of items from 1-5; higher scores mean worse outcome). Teammate Relationship Health (TRH) measures relational health with teammates (scores from 8-40; higher scores mean better outcome). Ideal-Body Stereotype Scale - Revised (IBSS-R) assesses internalization of the traditional thin-ideal (scores from 1-10, higher scores mean worse outcome). Positive and Negative Affect Scale - Revised (PANAS-X) assesses negative affect (average of items from 1-5; higher scores mean worse outcome). Intervention Suitability Expectations (ISE) assesses perceived suitability and expectations of the intervention (average of total scores from 4-46; higher scores mean better outcome). Knowledge of the Female Athlete Triad (KFAT) measures participant understanding of the Female Athlete Triad (each correct answer = 1, scores from 0-10; higher scores mean better outcome).	18 months
Secondary Outcomes - BMI	Body Mass Index (BMI) (self-reported) is a measure of kg/m^2.	18 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Pennington Biomedical Research Center
• Collaborators: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Tiffany M Stewart, PhD, Pennington Biomedical

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Stewart TM, Pollard T, Hildebrandt T, Beyl R, Wesley N, Kilpela LS, Becker CB. The Female Athlete Body (FAB) study: Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017 Sep;60:63-71. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.06.005. Epub 2017 Jun 10.
• Stewart TM, Pollard T, Hildebrandt T, Wesley NY, Kilpela LS, Becker CB. The Female Athlete Body project study: 18-month outcomes in eating disorder symptoms and risk factors. Int J Eat Disord. 2019 Nov;52(11):1291-1300. doi: 10.1002/eat.23145. Epub 2019 Jul 27.
• Stewart T, Kilpela L, Wesley N, Baule K, Becker C. Psychometric properties of the contextual body image questionnaire for athletes: a replication and extension study in female collegiate athletes. J Eat Disord. 2021 May 5;9(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s40337-021-00414-8.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: November 1, 2012
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 1, 2018
• Study Completion (Actual): December 1, 2018

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 14, 2012
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 27, 2012
• First Posted (Estimate): November 28, 2012

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): December 4, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 12, 2019
• Last Verified: November 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: risk factors; prevention; Eating disorders; cluster randomization; female athlete triad; body image; eating disorder prevention; female athletes
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female Athlete Triad Syndrome
• Other Study ID Numbers: PBRC 11032; R01MH094448 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO