Nighttime Macronutrient Choice and Combined Resistance and High-intensity Interval Training

The Effect of Nighttime Macronutrient Choice and Combined Resistance and High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition, Cardiovascular Health, Resting Metabolism, Appetite and Strength in Overweight and Obese Adults

Obesity is recognized as a major public health concern because of its link to potential fatal complications arising from metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Despite many pharmacological advances in this field, lifestyle strategies that emphasize proper nutrient intake and physical activity continue to be the primary strategy for individuals to fight obesity. However, controversy exists regarding the type and timing of exercise and specific nutrient intake to maximize fat loss, muscle gain, and beneficial cardio-metabolic adaptations derived from these lifestyle interventions. Furthermore, limited data exists investigating the impact of nutrient timing at times other than immediately before or after exercise and no studies have examined time-of-day nutritional intake in overweight or obese individuals.In addition, many individuals attempting to improve body composition and cardio-metabolic health are concerned with what food choices are appropriate in the late evening to support positive physiological adaptations. However, research-based information examining this topic is scarce.

The investigators hypothesize that consumption of a protein beverage in the late evening before sleep will improve body composition, cardio-metabolic health, and adaptations to exercise more than an isocaloric placebo beverage. The investigators also hypothesize that the different digestion and absorption kinetics of whey and casein proteins will elicit different effects on the measures variables.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Obesity
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Whey Protein; Other: Combined Resistance and High-Intensity Interval training; Other: Casein Protein

Detailed Description

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of consumption of a protein beverage in the late evening before sleep along with the combination of resistance and high-intensity interval training on improving body composition, muscle strength and overall health compared to a carbohydrate placebo beverage in overweight and obese individuals. Specifically, we will be measuring heart rate, blood pressure, body composition, resting metabolism, maximal strength,cardiovascular function, hormones levels, blood lipid profile, appetite, mood state, and dietary intake. Specific aims of the study are:

To determine if acute ingestion of a liquid ready-to-drink protein supplement (30g whey or casein protein per serving) consumed in the late evening before sleep will alter the physiological milieu to favor anabolism and alter lipolysis and fat oxidation more than the carbohydrate placebo (34g of maltodextrin per serving).

To determine if 4 weeks of daily protein supplementation (same supplement as above) in the late evening along with 3 days of exercise training per week will improve body composition, blood lipid profile, strength, cardiovascular risk profile more than a placebo beverage.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 59
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Florida
    • Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32306
      • Florida State University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 45 years (ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy men and women
• Sedentary(exercises <2 days per week for more than 40 minutes per session within the past 6 months)
• overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Those that exercise for more than 2 days per week for more than 40 minutes per session (within the past 6 months),
• Those that have uncontrolled hypertension (Blood Pressure (BP)>160/100 mmHg)
• Those that take BP medications
• Those diagnosed cardiovascular disease
• Those diagnosed with stroke
• Those diagnosed with diabetes
• Those diagnosed with thyroid dysfunction
• Those diagnosed with kidney dysfunction
• Those with any musculoskeletal complications that would impede exercise
• Those that smoke heavily (>20 cigarettes per day)
• Those that take cholesterol medication
• Those that take nutritional supplements (except for a multivitamin)
• Those with any allergies to milk products

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: DOUBLE

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: Whey Protein and Exercise Training; This arm involves 4 weeks of consuming a whey protein supplement late in the evening before bed along with combined resistance and high-intensity interval training 3 days per week for 4 weeks (two days of resistance training and one day of high-intensity interval training).	Other: Whey Protein; Whey protein will be consumed every night of the week as the last food or caloric beverage prior to sleep in the evening at least two hours after dinner but no more than 30 minutes before bed.; Other: Combined Resistance and High-Intensity Interval training; Completed 3 d/wk for 4 wks (2 d of Resistance Training (RT) and 1 d of High-Intensity Interval Training (HITT)). RT exercises were chest press, seated row,leg press, shoulder press, leg extension, and leg curl (3 total sets: 2 sets of 10 repetitions and a 3rd set to muscular exhaustion with a load equaling 75-85% of 1-Repetition Maximum(RM)). All exercises and sets were separated by 90-120 sec of rest. HIIT training was completed on commerical cardiovascular equipment and requires subjects to rate their perceived exertion on a scale from 1 to 10 (1= resting quietly, 5= a warm-up level, 10= an all-out exertion). Subjects warmed-up for 2 min at level 5 and increased their exertion each min for 3 min until level 9 is perceived and then recover at level 6 for 1 min. This pattern was repeated 4 times, where the 4th cycle subjects increased their last min of exertion to level 10, followed by 1-min recovery at the initial warm-up level 5.
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR: Carbohydrate and Exercise Training; This arm involves 4 weeks of consuming a carbohydrate placebo late in the evening before bed along with combined resistance and high-intensity interval training 3 days per week for 4 weeks (two days of resistance training and one day of high-intensity interval training).	Other: Combined Resistance and High-Intensity Interval training; Completed 3 d/wk for 4 wks (2 d of Resistance Training (RT) and 1 d of High-Intensity Interval Training (HITT)). RT exercises were chest press, seated row,leg press, shoulder press, leg extension, and leg curl (3 total sets: 2 sets of 10 repetitions and a 3rd set to muscular exhaustion with a load equaling 75-85% of 1-Repetition Maximum(RM)). All exercises and sets were separated by 90-120 sec of rest. HIIT training was completed on commerical cardiovascular equipment and requires subjects to rate their perceived exertion on a scale from 1 to 10 (1= resting quietly, 5= a warm-up level, 10= an all-out exertion). Subjects warmed-up for 2 min at level 5 and increased their exertion each min for 3 min until level 9 is perceived and then recover at level 6 for 1 min. This pattern was repeated 4 times, where the 4th cycle subjects increased their last min of exertion to level 10, followed by 1-min recovery at the initial warm-up level 5.
EXPERIMENTAL: Casein Protein and Exercise Training; This arm involves 4 weeks of consuming a casein protein supplement late in the evening before bed along with combined resistance and high-intensity interval training 3 days per week for 4 weeks (two days of resistance training and one day of high-intensity interval training).	Other: Combined Resistance and High-Intensity Interval training; Completed 3 d/wk for 4 wks (2 d of Resistance Training (RT) and 1 d of High-Intensity Interval Training (HITT)). RT exercises were chest press, seated row,leg press, shoulder press, leg extension, and leg curl (3 total sets: 2 sets of 10 repetitions and a 3rd set to muscular exhaustion with a load equaling 75-85% of 1-Repetition Maximum(RM)). All exercises and sets were separated by 90-120 sec of rest. HIIT training was completed on commerical cardiovascular equipment and requires subjects to rate their perceived exertion on a scale from 1 to 10 (1= resting quietly, 5= a warm-up level, 10= an all-out exertion). Subjects warmed-up for 2 min at level 5 and increased their exertion each min for 3 min until level 9 is perceived and then recover at level 6 for 1 min. This pattern was repeated 4 times, where the 4th cycle subjects increased their last min of exertion to level 10, followed by 1-min recovery at the initial warm-up level 5.; Other: Casein Protein; Casein protein will be consumed every night of the week as the last food or caloric beverage prior to sleep in the evening at least two hours after dinner but no more than 30 minutes before bed.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Body Composition	Measuring fat mass and lean mass from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.	4 weeks
Metabolism	Measured using indirect calorimetry, a non-invasive test that involves lying down on a padded table for 30-minutes with a mouth piece and nose clip	4 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Blood biomarkers	Under sterile conditions 20 milliliters of blood was drawn from a forearm antecubital vein and analyzed for blood biomarkers.	4 weeks
Arterial Stiffness	Measured using pulse wave velocity of the aorta, systemic, and legs	4 weeks
Appetite	Measured by a visual analog scale	4 weeks
Strength	Assessed by having the subject progressed towards the maximum weight that they can lift 1-time through a full range of motion and all attempts and will be supervised by trained personnel	4 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Florida State University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Ormsbee MJ, Kinsey AW, Eddy WR, Madzima TA, Arciero PJ, Figueroa A, Panton LB. The influence of nighttime feeding of carbohydrate or protein combined with exercise training on appetite and cardiometabolic risk in young obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015 Jan;40(1):37-45. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0256. Erratum In: Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019 Feb;44(2):228.
• Figueroa A, Wong A, Kinsey A, Kalfon R, Eddy W, Ormsbee MJ. Effects of milk proteins and combined exercise training on aortic hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in young obese women with high blood pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2014 Mar;27(3):338-44. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpt224. Epub 2013 Dec 3.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: September 1, 2011
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): August 1, 2012
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): November 1, 2012

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 10, 2013
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 10, 2013
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): April 12, 2013

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ESTIMATE): April 15, 2013
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 11, 2013
• Last Verified: April 1, 2013

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Exercise Training; Protein; Metabolism; Nighttime eating
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Chelating Agents; Sequestering Agents; Caseins
• Other Study ID Numbers: HSC2011.7210