A Comparison of the Face Mask and Oral Mask Ventilation After Nasal Surgery

A Comparison of the Face Mask and Oral Mask Ventilation After Nasal Surgery.

Difficult mask ventilation is usually studied in relation to airway management and difficult intubation and mostly during the induction period of anesthesia.

According to the closed claim reports tracheal extubation and recovery of anesthesia is associated with brain damage or death.

Difficult mask ventilation can also be a problem during the emergence phase of anesthesia after extubation. Especially after nasal surgery the use of nasal tampon and casts can resemble upper airway obstruction and facial deformity and cause difficult mask ventilation.

The effectiveness of ventilation is affected by the design of the mask. Leaks may develop due to the inability to obtain a tight seal.

The use of an oral mask for ventilation in patients with nasal tumors and after rhinoplasty for patients with a nasal cast has been reported. This suggests that oral mask ventilation, rather than face mask ventilation, should be considered after nasal surgery.

The aim of this prospective randomized study is to compare the face mask and oral mask ventilation after nasal surgery in terms of the mask ventilation classification, airway pressure, minute ventilation and tidal volume.

Our hypothesis is that ventilation with oral mask would provide better airway pressures, superior mask-ventilation classification and higher tidal volumes compared to face mask ventilation in patients with obstructed nasal pasage (nasal packing and/or cast) after nasal surgery'.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Nasal Septum Deviation
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Face Mask; Device: Oral Mask

Detailed Description

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical class I or II, adult patients aging 19-45 yr, scheduled for nasal surgery will be recruited.

Patient characteristics will be recorded; age, gender ASA physical status, height, weight. Simple randomization will be accomplished with a computer-generated sequence of numbers and sealed envelopes will be used to allocate patients into 2 treatment sequences, Sequence O: oral mask ventilation followed by face mask ventilation and Sequence FM: face mask ventilation followed by oral mask ventilation.

Patients will be premedicated with midazolam. Ringer's lactate infusion at 15 mL•kg-1•h-1 will be initiated. Standard monitors will be established including neuromuscular monitorization and the Bispectral index monitor (BIS).

The patients head will be placed in the neutral position on a positioning pad Anesthesia will be induced with propofol 2 ml kg and fentanyl 50 mcg. Anesthesia will be maintained with oxygen in nitrous oxide and sevoflurane. The patient was ventilated trough an face mask. The appropriate size mask with the best fit will be selected and the mask size will be noted. Gas flow will be 4 L min. During the induction period the mask ventilation grade of the patients will be determined (Grade 0: ventilation by mask not attempted, Grade 1: ventilated by mask, Grade 2: ventilated by mask with oral airway or other adjuvant, Grade 3: difficult mask ventilation (inadequate, unstable, or requiring two practitioners), Grade 4: unable to mask ventilate (Han's grading scale)) and patients with Grade ≥ 2 will be excluded from the study. Muscle relaxation and intubation will be facilitated with rocuronium 0.6 mg kg-1. At the end of surgery trachea will be extubated when TOF 0.9 is obtained and the patient is spontaneous breathing, meanwhile inhalation anesthesia will be continued (BIS 50-70). After extubation, spontaneous ventilation will be assisted with mask ventilation. Mask ventilation will be applied according to sequence allocation and the mask ventilation grades with each mask technique will be determined with the same grading system. Spontaneous ventilation will be assisted with mask ventilation.

The face mask will be applied with the one handed EC-clamp technique. The mask will be placed over the bridge of the nose and mouth and a chin-lift, head tilt maneuver will be used. The oral mask; size 1 or 2 child's mask will be placed only over the mouth and the one handed EC-clamp technique with the chin-lift, head tilt maneuver will be used again. The masks will be changed after three consecutive measurements for each mask technique and the crossover time will be short.

The respiratory parameters will be measured with the monitor contained in the Drager Primus anesthesia machine. The observer providing mask ventilation is experienced in mask ventilation and will be blinded to the monitor display. All patients will be ventilated by the same observer. Data will be recorded by independent residents. The mask ventilation classification will be recorded. mean airway pressure (Pmean), maximum airway pressure (Ppeak) , tidal volume (TV), expired tidal volume (TVe) minute volume leak (MVleak) and minute volume (MV) will be recorded during spontaneous ventilation. Volatile anesthesia will be ceased after observing that the patients are calm and not coughing and the respiratory measures will be evaluated thereafter. The APL (airway pressure release) valve will be closed during the evaluation of mask ventilation. Sufficient chest movement, mask leak, gastric insufflations will be assessed. Indicators for difficult mask ventilation are defined as; TV< 4 ml kg, inadequate chest movements, the need for an oropharyngeal airway, two handed mask ventilation, need to increase the gas flow, gastric insufflations, need to ventilate with two operators.

It was planned to enroll 30 patients in this study. After performing a pilot study we calculated that 10 patients in each group was sufficient to detect a difference between groups concerning tidal volume with 0.95 power and 0.05 alfa error. We decided to enroll 24 patients in the study due to possible drop outs.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 24
• Phase: Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Ankara, Turkey
    • Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital
  • Ankara, Turkey
    • Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 19 years to 45 years (ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical class I or II
• adult patients
• ageing 19-45 yr
• scheduled for nasal surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Respiratory diseases
• snoring
• smoking
• obstructive sleep apnea
• obesity (body mass index >30 kg m2)
• difficult intubation-ventilation-airway
• emergency cases

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: TRIPLE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: Face Mask; Patients will be ventilated with a face mask first and with a oral mask thereafter	Device: Face Mask; Patients will be ventilated trough a face mask first and trough a oral mask thereafter; Other Names: Adult anesthesia face mask; Rusch reusable anatomical black rubber adult face mask
EXPERIMENTAL: Oral Mask; Patients will be ventilated trough an oral mask first and trough a face mask thereafter	Device: Oral Mask; Patients will be ventilated trough an oral mask first and trough a face mask thereafter; Other Names: Pediatric anesthesia face mask; Rusch reusable anatomical black rubber pediatric mask

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Tidal volume	assessment will be done after extubation, when the spontaneous respiratory rate is 10 breaths/min.	5 min after extubation

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Mask ventilation grade of the patients as Grade0, grade 1, Grade 2, grade 3, grade 4	Assessment will be done after extubation	5 min after extubation

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Ppeak	assessment will be done after extubation, when the spontaneous respiratory rate is 10 breaths/min.	5 m extubationin after
Pmean	assessment will be done after extubation, when the spontaneous respiratory rate is 10 breaths/min.	5 min after extubation

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Diskapi Teaching and Research Hospital
• Investigators: Study Director: Murat Sayın, Ass Prof, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital, Turkey.

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Salem MR, Ovassapian A. Difficult mask ventilation: what needs improvement? Anesth Analg. 2009 Dec;109(6):1720-2. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181be0541. No abstract available.
• Joffe AM, Hetzel S, Liew EC. A two-handed jaw-thrust technique is superior to the one-handed "EC-clamp" technique for mask ventilation in the apneic unconscious person. Anesthesiology. 2010 Oct;113(4):873-9. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181ec6414.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: June 1, 2013
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): December 1, 2013
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): December 1, 2013

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 15, 2013
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 4, 2013
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): June 5, 2013

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ESTIMATE): April 2, 2014
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 1, 2014
• Last Verified: May 1, 2013

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: extubation; nasal surgery; Difficult mask ventilation
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Physiological Effects of Drugs; Central Nervous System Depressants; Anesthetics
• Other Study ID Numbers: ORALMASK