Biomarker Levels During Indwelling Pleural cAtheter Sample Testing (BLAST)

TGF-B as a Marker of Pleurodesis in Patients With Tunneled Pleural Catheters

Some patients that have a tunneled pleural catheter will not have the pleural fluid (water around the lung) return after some time (pleurodesis). The purpose of this study is to understand how the investigators can predict who will achieve pleurodesis and how this occurs by studying the pleural effusion.

Study Overview

• Status: Enrolling by invitation
• Conditions: Malignant Pleural Effusions

Detailed Description

An alternative and emerging treatment for malignant pleural effusions is the placement of a chronic indwelling pleural catheter.

Tunneled pleural catheters (TPC) are ideal for treatment of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) associated with a trapped or non-expandable lung which will not have sufficient visceral and parietal pleura apposition for chemical pleurodesis. Transforming growth factor-Beta 1 (TGF-β) is a profibrotic cytokine, and a potent inducer of Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in human pleural mesothelial cells. PAI-1 inhibits protease-dependent fibrinolytic activity and along with TGF-β, its concentration is increased in exudative and tuberculous pleural effusion. TGF-β levels in pleural fluid have been shown to correlate with pleural thickness in tuberculosis pleurisy and empyema in rabbits.

TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine primarily produced by mesothelial cells in the pleural space, but can also originate from lung parenchymal macrophages that migrate to the pleural space. In humans, TGF-β consists of three isoforms (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3). They share many biological activities and their actions on cells are qualitatively similar in most cases. TGF-β stimulates the extracellular matrix production and studies support that TGF-β over-production is a key regulator in pleural fibrosis and chemical pleurodesis. Moreover, TGF-β signaling for the production of PAI-1 is clearly noted in human mesothelial cells of different origins. Different inflammatory stimuli in the pleural space including malignancy and infection may activate TGF-β up-regulation and enhanced production which in turns results in PAI-1 expression.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Estimated): 95

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21287
      • Johns Hopkins University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 99 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Patients of the interventional pulmonology team who receive indwelling pleural catheters for a malignant pleural effusion.

Description

Inclusion criteria:

• Pleural effusion (etiology fulfilling one of the following criteria):

  1. Malignant effusion confirmed by cytology or pleural biopsy
  2. exudative effusion in the setting of known malignancy with no other identifiable cause
  3. Malignant effusion due to tumors that are historically rapidly responsive to systemic therapy (small cell lung cancer, hematological malignancies) will only be included if refractory to standard chemotherapy
• 18 years of age
• Symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, or chest fullness/chest discomfort
• Demonstration of symptomatic improvement after therapeutic thoracentesis
• Recurrent pleural effusion after therapeutic thoracentesis
• Capacity to provide informed consent

Exclusion criteria:

• Projected life expectancy less than 30 days.
• Radiographic evidence of trapped lung - persistent lung collapse with failure of the majority (>50%) of the lung to reexpand following drainage of a pleural effusion
• Previous lobectomy or pneumonectomy on the affected side
• Patient receiving intrapleural chemotherapy
• Chylothorax - pleural effusion with triglyceride levels > 110 mg/dl or chylomicrons on lipoprotein analysis, most commonly due to trauma/obstruction of the thoracic duct
• Parapneumonic effusion - pleural effusion associated with pneumonia
• Empyema - infected pleural space as defined by purulent pleural fluid, positive gram stain, or positive culture
• Inability to adequately perform pleural drainage at home
• Uncorrectable bleeding disorder
• Skin infection at the site of intended catheter insertion
• Pregnant women - detected by spot urine testing prior to the procedure

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Cohort
• Time Perspectives: Prospective

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Indwelling tunneled pleural catheter

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
To determine the median time to pleurodesis	Duration of follow-up will be 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, all patients who do not achieve spontaneous pleurodesis will adhere to the standard drainage protocol.	12 week follow up

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
TGF-B levels over time	To determine the threshold TGF-B level to determine accuracy of predicting auto-pleurodesis	12 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Johns Hopkins University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Lonny Yarmus, DO, Johns Hopkins University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: January 1, 2014
• Primary Completion (Estimated): December 1, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): December 1, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 17, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 19, 2014
• First Posted (Estimated): March 20, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): December 17, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 9, 2025
• Last Verified: December 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Neoplasms by Site; Neoplasms; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Respiratory Tract Neoplasms; Thoracic Neoplasms; Pleural Neoplasms; Pleural Diseases; Pleural Effusion; Pleural Effusion, Malignant
• Other Study ID Numbers: IRB00044267