Vocal Warm-up and Respiratory Muscle Training

Vocal Warm-up and Respiratory Training in Teachers: a Randomized Clinical Trial

The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of two speech-pathology interventions: vocal warm-up and respiratory training in teachers who work in a public school of the city of Salvador-Bahia, with or without complaints of vocal disorders. It is a preventive study and the hypothesis is that both approaches can produce positive voice changes, but the Vocal Warm-up will produce the most significant changes.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Voice Disorders
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Vocal Warm-up; Behavioral: Respiratory Muscle Training

Detailed Description

Randomized Clinical Trial where participants were allocated into groups: Vocal Warm-up (to perform exercises of resistance and flexibility for 13 minutes before teaching, during six weeks) and Respiratory Muscle Training (to perform exercises to strengthen the respiratory muscles through the use of incentive respiratory equipment. Five repetitions of exhales with an interval of thirty seconds between each one were performed. It was requested rest for two minutes, repeating the procedure four times with the total of five series. These exercises were performed for 13 minutes before teaching, during six weeks).

Outcomes analyzed: demographics and teaching activity characteristics; symptoms, habits and factors associated with voice disorders; self-reported voice handicap (Voice Handicap Index-VHI-10); vocal severity rating (Vocal Severity Scale); and acoustic parameters through the computerized acoustic voice analysis program VoxMetria (CTS Informatics).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 41
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Brazil
  • Bahia
    • Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 40.026-010
      • Federal University of Bahia

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 20 years to 60 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age between 20-60.
• No occurence of speech therapy simultaneously to the intervention

Exclusion Criteria:

• Professional voice use in another activity;
• Frequent use of alcohol and tobacco;
• Influenza and/or upper respiratory tract infections (eg, rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis) during the period of participation in the research.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Vocal Warm-up; Vocal Warm-up group performed 13 minutes of vocal warm-up exercises everyday before teaching over a course of 6 weeks, with one session exercise per day.	Behavioral: Vocal Warm-up; Vocal Warm-up group performed 13 minutes of vocal warm-up exercises everyday before teaching over a course of 6 weeks, with one session exercise per day.
Experimental: Respiratory Muscle Training; Respiratory Muscle Training group performed 13 minutes of Respiratory Muscle Training everyday before teaching over a course of 6 weeks, with one session exercise per day.	Behavioral: Respiratory Muscle Training; Respiratory Muscle Training group performed 13 minutes of Respiratory Muscle Training everyday before teaching over a course of 6 weeks, with one session exercise per day.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10)	The voice handicap index (VHI) is a self-assessment questionnaire which quantifies the functional, physical and emotional impacts of a voice disorder on the quality of life. The VHI-10 is a reduced version and it consists of 10 questions about the severity of the voice problem perceived by the subject. It is presented as an ordinal scale (range 0-4) that indicates how frequently the subject has experienced the same situation (0 = never; 1 = almost never; 2 = sometimes; 3= almost always; 4 = always). Total VHI Score ranges from 0 (never) to 40 (always). Higher scores indicate greater voice handicap. Abnormal values > 11.	Baseline, 6 weeks
Acoustic Analysis (Fundamental Frequency)	The measurement of fundamental frequency directly reflects the rate of vibration of the vocal folds. The fundamental frequency term refers to the frequency of more occurrence of vocal fold vibration, featuring a certain production.	Baseline, 6 weeks
Acoustic Analysis (Jitter)	Jitter is the perturbation cycle-to-cycle of the fundamental frequency. High levels of jitter are normally associated with pathological voice. The instability of the fundamental frequency can be attributed to changes in size, shape or firmness of the vocal folds. Normal values must be < 0.6%.	Baseline, 6 weeks
Acoustic Analysis (Shimmer)	The shimmer measures the amplitude's disturbance, e. g. how fast the amplitude changes on a sustained vowel for a few seconds. Shimmer high levels are normally associated with pathological voice. This can be attributed due to changes in size, shape or firmness of the vocal folds. Normal values < 6.5%.	Baseline, 6 weeks
Acoustic Analysis (Noise)	Noise is the analysis of aperiodic components of the sound's signal. It is an important correlate of that the human ear considers voice disorders. Normal levels < 2.5 dB	Baseline, 6 weeks
Acoustic Analysis (GNE)	Glottal to Noise Excitation ratio (GNE) is an acoustic measurement to calculate the noise in a series of pulses produced by the oscillation of the vocal folds. This parameter is based on the hypothesis that resulting pulses of vocal fold collision generate a synchronous excitation of different frequency bands. Moreover, the noise produced by the vocal folds compressed generates uncorrelated excitations. Normal levels > 0.5 dB	Baseline, 6 weeks
Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10) 2	The voice handicap index (VHI) is a self-assessment questionnaire which quantifies the functional, physical and emotional impacts of a voice disorder on the quality of life. The VHI-10 is a reduced version and it consists of 10 questions about the severity of the voice problem perceived by the subject. It is presented as an ordinal scale (range 0-4) that indicates how frequently the subject has experienced the same situation (0 = never; 1 = almost never; 2 = sometimes; 3= almost always; 4 = always). Total VHI Score ranges from 0 (never) to 40 (always). Higher scores indicate greater voice handicap. Abnormal values > 11.	Baseline, 6 weeks
Acoustic Analysis (Fundamental Frequency) 2	The measurement of fundamental frequency directly reflects the rate of vibration of the vocal folds. The fundamental frequency term refers to the frequency of more occurrence of vocal fold vibration, featuring a certain production.	Baseline, 6 weeks
Acoustic Analysis (Jitter) 2	Jitter is the perturbation cycle-to-cycle of the fundamental frequency. High levels of jitter are normally associated with pathological voice. The instability of the fundamental frequency can be attributed to changes in size, shape or firmness of the vocal folds. Normal values must be < 0.6%.	Baseline, 6 weeks
Acoustic Analysis (Shimmer) 2	The shimmer measures the amplitude's disturbance, e. g. how fast the amplitude changes on a sustained vowel for a few seconds. Shimmer high levels are normally associated with pathological voice. This can be attributed due to changes in size, shape or firmness of the vocal folds. Normal values < 6.5%.	Baseline, 6 weeks
Acoustic Analysis (Noise) 2	Noise is the analysis of aperiodic components of the sound's signal. It is an important correlate of that the human ear considers voice disorders. Normal levels < 2.5 dB	Baseline, 6 weeks
Acoustic Analysis (GNE) 2	Glottal to Noise Excitation ratio (GNE) is an acoustic measurement to calculate the noise in a series of pulses produced by the oscillation of the vocal folds. This parameter is based on the hypothesis that resulting pulses of vocal fold collision generate a synchronous excitation of different frequency bands. Moreover, the noise produced by the vocal folds compressed generates uncorrelated excitations. Normal levels > 0.5 dB	Baseline, 6 weeks
Change in Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10)	The voice handicap index (VHI) is a self-assessment questionnaire which quantifies the functional, physical and emotional impacts of a voice disorder on the quality of life. The VHI-10 is a reduced version and it consists of 10 questions about the severity of the voice problem perceived by the subject. It is presented as an ordinal scale (range 0-4) that indicates how frequently the subject has experienced the same situation (0 = never; 1 = almost never; 2 = sometimes; 3= almost always; 4 = always). Total VHI Score ranges from 0 (never) to 40 (always). Higher scores indicate greater voice handicap. Abnormal values > 11.	Baseline, 6 weeks
Change in Fundamental Frequency	The measurement of fundamental frequency directly reflects the rate of vibration of the vocal folds. The fundamental frequency term refers to the frequency of more occurrence of vocal fold vibration, featuring a certain production.	Baseline, 6 weeks
Change in Jitter	Jitter is the perturbation cycle-to-cycle of the fundamental frequency. High levels of jitter are normally associated with pathological voice. The instability of the fundamental frequency can be attributed to changes in size, shape or firmness of the vocal folds. Normal values must be < 0.6%.	Baseline, 6 weeks
Change in Shimmer	Shimmer measures the amplitude perturbations, e. g. how fast the amplitude changes on a sustained vowel for a few seconds. Shimmer high levels are normally associated with pathological voice. This can be attributed due to changes in size, shape or firmness of the vocal folds. Normal values < 6.5%	Baseline, 6 weeks
Change in Noise	Noise is the analysis of aperiodic components of the sound's signal. It is an important correlate of that the human ear considers voice disorders. Normal levels < 2.5 dB	Baseline, 6 weeks
Change in GNE	Glottal to Noise Excitation ratio (GNE) is an acoustic measurement to calculate the noise in a series of pulses produced by the oscillation of the vocal folds. This parameter is based on the hypothesis that resulting pulses of vocal fold collision generate a synchronous excitation of different frequency bands. Moreover, the noise produced by the vocal folds compressed generates uncorrelated excitations. Normal levels > 0.5 dB	Baseline, 6 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Post-treatment Questionnaire (Voice Symptoms Improvement)	The post-treatment questionnaire was based on the original designed by Roy (2003) for assessing the teachers' perception of voice improvement and compliance with the intervention. Participants rated their extent of improvement on a 3-point Likert scale ("not at all/somewhat"; "moderate"; "a lot"). The questionnaire was applied only after the intervention. The answers were dichotomized in two categories ("moderate/a lot" and "not at all/somewhat"). The results were presented in frequency/percentage of subjects that answered "moderate/a lot" in each intervention.	After 6 weeks of intervention
Post-treatment Questionnaire (Voice Clearer)	The post-treatment questionnaire was based on the original designed by Roy (2003) for assessing the teachers' perception of voice improvement and compliance with the intervention. Participants rated their extent of improvement on a 3-point Likert scale ("not at all/somewhat"; "moderate"; "a lot"). The questionnaire was applied only after the intervention. The answers were dichotomized in two categories ("moderate/a lot" and "not at all/somewhat"). The results were presented in frequency/percentage of subjects that answered "moderate/a lot" in each intervention.	After 6 weeks of intervention
Post-treatment Questionnaire (Easier to Talk)	The post-treatment questionnaire was based on the original designed by Roy (2003) for assessing the teachers' perception of voice improvement and compliance with the intervention. Participants rated their extent of improvement on a 3-point Likert scale ("not at all/somewhat"; "moderate"; "a lot"). The questionnaire was applied only after the intervention. The answers were dichotomized in two categories ("moderate/a lot" and "not at all/somewhat"). The results were presented in frequency/percentage of subjects that answered "moderate/a lot" in each intervention.	After 6 weeks of intervention
Post-treatment Questionnaire (Compliance With Intervention)	The post-treatment questionnaire was based on the original designed by Roy (2003) for assessing the teachers' perception of voice improvement and compliance with the intervention. Participants rated their degree of compliance on a 3-point Likert scale ("not at all/somewhat"; "moderate"; "a lot"). The questionnaire was applied only after the intervention. The answers were dichotomized in two categories ("moderate/a lot" and "not at all/somewhat"). It was considered compliance the answers "moderate" and "a lot" in comparison of "not at all/somewhat", considered as no compliance. The results were presented in frequency/percentage of subjects in each intervention.	After 6 weeks of intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Federal University of Bahia
• Collaborators: Bahia State Secretariat of Education, Brazil
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Maria Lucia V Masson, PhD, Federal University of Bahia; Study Chair: Lilian Paternostro, MS, Federal University of Bahia; Study Director: Fernando M Carvalho, PhD, Federal University of Bahia

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Pereira LP, Masson ML, Carvalho FM. Vocal warm-up and breathing training for teachers: randomized clinical trial. Rev Saude Publica. 2015;49:67. doi: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005716. Epub 2015 Oct 9.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: July 1, 2013
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 1, 2013
• Study Completion (Actual): September 1, 2013

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 30, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 1, 2014
• First Posted (Estimate): April 2, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): October 8, 2015
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 23, 2015
• Last Verified: September 1, 2015

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Education; Voice; Faculty; Voice training
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Nervous System Diseases; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Neurologic Manifestations; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Laryngeal Diseases; Voice Disorders
• Other Study ID Numbers: U1111-1152-9129