Post-tonsillectomy Pain Control in Adults

Post-tonsillectomy Pain Control in Adults: a Randomized Prospective Study

This is a randomized prospective study to determine the optimal postoperative pain medication regimen for adults (18 years old and older) undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy for chronic tonsillitis and/or snoring and/or obstructive sleep apnea. All participants will undergo the same tonsillectomy surgical technique (with or without adenoidectomy) under general anesthesia and be randomized to one of three postoperative pain control regimens (all of which are commonly used pain medications for post-tonsillectomy pain):

1. Norco (Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen)
2. Percocet (Oxycodone and Acetaminophen)
3. Dilaudid and Tylenol (Acetaminophen)

Participants will be discharged home the day of surgery and will be sent home with questionnaires to assess their daily pain level, oral intake, amount of nausea/vomiting, and amount of pain medications taken for the 14 days following their surgery. Data will be collected and analyzed to determine if there is a difference in pain levels or oral intake or nausea/vomiting in the different pain regimen groups. Secondary endpoints will include weight change from preoperative weight to weight at 2-3 weeks after surgery in addition to postoperative complications including visits to the Emergency Department and post-tonsillectomy bleed rates.

Participants will be seen 1-2 weeks following their surgery in the ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) clinic per normal postoperative protocol and will not require any specific clinic visits related to this study.

Study Overview

• Status: Terminated
• Conditions: Pain, Postoperative; Body Weight Changes; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; Postoperative Hemorrhage
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Norco (Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen); Drug: Percocet (Oxycodone and Acetaminophen); Drug: Dilaudid (hydromorphone); Drug: Tylenol (Acetaminophen)

Detailed Description

Hypotheses

• There is an optimal pain control regimen for post-tonsillectomy pain control in adults
• Post-tonsillectomy pain levels in adults peak around postoperative day number seven
• Post-tonsillectomy adults return very slowly to normal (pre-surgery) oral intake and diet

Purpose

• To assess daily post-tonsillectomy pain level in adults for the two weeks after surgery
• To determine if there is an optimal post-tonsillectomy pain control regimen in adults for the two weeks after surgery
• To determine oral intake levels in post-tonsillectomy adults for the two weeks after surgery
• To determine daily amounts of nausea/vomiting in post-tonsillectomy adults for the two weeks after surgery
• To determine the change in weight in the two to three weeks after surgery

Study Background Tonsillectomy (with or without adenoidectomy) is a very common procedure in children and adults. The most common indications for tonsillectomies include chronic tonsillitis and/or obstructive sleep apnea. While many studies have examined the optimal postoperative pain control regimen in children, the optimal pain control regimen in adults remains poorly studied and understood.

Literature regarding post-tonsillectomy pain in adults has primarily focused on the specific tonsillectomy surgical technique (there are many) rather than the exact medications used for pain control. Interestingly, some of these aforementioned studies did not include the name, type or quantity of pain medications given to their patients when the primary study endpoint was pain. Additional studies have examined the role of steroids, antibiotics, and/or pain medications given by Anesthesia while a patient is anesthetized and undergoing tonsillectomy to determine if this can reduce postoperative pain. IV steroids given perioperatively to adults undergoing tonsillectomy have less pain, nausea, and vomiting in the first few days after tonsillectomy. IV steroids are now routinely given before tonsillectomy by most practicing Otolaryngologists, including our senior authors.

There are a limited number of studies looking at actual postoperative pain control regimens in adults. Most of these studies are limited in that they only looked at the first 24 hours following surgery rather than trending pain levels for the first week or two after surgery. Additional studies are limited because they are observational or prospective without comparative pain regimen groups (i.e. they gave all patients the same medications asked them their daily pain levels).

Furthermore, a majority of studies involving postoperative pain control used a "cold steel" technique tonsillectomy, which is uncommonly practiced in the United States by Otolaryngologists, who prefer the use of electrocautery devices for tonsillectomy. It is well known and accepted that cautery causes more postoperative pain due to thermal tissue injury, however it allows for a straightforward surgery with better intraoperative control of bleeding. Furthermore, randomized prospective studies for postoperative pain control following cautery tonsillectomy are lacking in the literature.

It is well known that the expected recovery period for adults is 2-4 weeks, during which they cannot work or do any strenuous activity. We would argue that the first 24 hours after tonsillectomy is actually better tolerated by adults because they have received high potency narcotics (usually through their IV) during and right after surgery. Therefore a more meaningful time period to study would be postoperative day number 1 - 14, when the patient is at home and the pain is most severe (most patients state that their pain peaks around postoperative number 5-7). Pain control is incredibly important issue in the post-tonsillectomy patient. If they have too much pain, they will not drink or eat enough to stay hydrated and nourished. This can lead to electrolyte abnormalities and dehydration requiring visits to the Emergency Department with or without admission to the hospital.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate post-tonsillectomy pain control in adults using three randomized medication regimens. All patients would undergo the same surgical technique to avoid confounding variables. Surgeries would be performed by Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Residents under the direct supervision of Otolaryngology staff attending surgeons. All of the proposed pain regimens are commonly accepted regimens used by practicing Otolaryngologists for adults.

Patients would be asked to complete a questionnaire that numerically evaluates their daily: pain level, amount of oral intake, amount of nausea/vomiting, and amount of pain medications used. They would asked to mail in their results or return the clinic. Additional information would be collected from the patients and/or their medical records including visits to the emergency department, readmissions to the hospital, and postoperative complications including post-tonsillectomy bleeding. Data would be compiled and analyzed to determine the typical postoperative pain levels, daily oral intake level, and to compare the different pain regimens to determine if one is superior.

It is important to note that there are accepted risks of general anesthesia and undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. Participation in this study would not change any of the accepted risk of undergoing the surgical procedure. The risks commonly discussed with patients before tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy include failure to resolve chronic throat infections, failure to resolve obstructive sleep apnea, voice changes after surgery, damage to lips/teeth/tongue, taste changes, dehydration, need to return to the emergency department, need for admission to the hospital, and 3-5% risk of post-tonsillectomy bleeding that may result in need for additional surgical procedures and/or blood transfusions.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 27
• Phase: Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Nebraska
    • Omaha, Nebraska, United States, 68198
      • University Nebraska Medical Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 14 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18 years and older
• Surgical indications: Chronic tonsillitis, Snoring, Sleep apnea
• Surgical procedure: Tonsillectomy with monopolar cautery, hemostasis with monopolar cautery and/or suction cautery. The surgical procedure can also include Adenoidectomy with suction cautery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Additional surgical procedures (i.e. UPPP (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty), septoplasty, inferior turbinate reduction) during same surgery
• Pregnant females
• Indications: Suspected malignancy
• History of chronic pain or daily pain medication used for another medical problem
• History of liver disease
• Contraindications to preoperative Decadron
• Contraindications to pain regimen medications (Tylenol, Norco, Percocet, Dilaudid)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Tonsillectomy and Norco; This represents patients who will be randomized (1:3 chance) to postoperative pain control with Norco (Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen)	Drug: Norco (Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen); Norco (Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen) 5/325 mg tab Take 1-2 tabs by mouth every 4-6 hours PRN (as needed) pain following Tonsillectomy for 14 days; Other Names: Norco
Active Comparator: Tonsillectomy and Percocet; This represents patients who will be randomized (1:3 chance) to postoperative pain control with Percocet (Oxycodone and Acetaminophen)	Drug: Percocet (Oxycodone and Acetaminophen); Percocet (Oxycodone and Acetaminophen) 5/325 mg tab Take 1-2 tabs by mouth every 4-6 hours PRN pain following Tonsillectomy for 14 days; Other Names: Percocet
Active Comparator: Tonsillectomy and Dilaudid + Tylenol; This represents patients who will be randomized (1:3 chance) to postoperative pain control with Dilaudid (hydromorphone) and Tylenol (Acetaminophen)	Drug: Dilaudid (hydromorphone); Dilaudid (hydromorphone) 2 mg tab Take 1-2 tabs by mouth every 4-6 hours PRN pain following Tonsillectomy for 14 days; Other Names: Dilaudid; Drug: Tylenol (Acetaminophen); Tylenol (Acetaminophen) 325 mg tab Take 1-2 tabs by mouth every 4-6 hours PRN pain following Tonsillectomy for 14 days; Other Names: Tylenol

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 1
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 2
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 3
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 4
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 5
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 6
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 7
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 8
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 9
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 10
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 11
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 12
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 13
Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 14

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 1
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 2
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 3
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 4
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 5
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 6
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 7
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 8
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 9
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 10
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 11
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 12
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 13
Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 14
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 1
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 2
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 3
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 4
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 5
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 6
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 7
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 8
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 9
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 10
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 11
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 12
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 13
Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 14
Weight Change from Baseline	Weight change comparing preoperative weight (kg) to postoperative weight (kg) at 2-3 weeks after surgery	Preoperative weight compared to postoperative weight at 2-3 weeks after surgery
Visit to emergency department after surgery	Yes/No answer for if patient needed to visit the emergency department after surgery for any reason related to their surgery	Within 14 days after surgery
Post tonsillectomy hemorrhage	If patient had a post tonsillectomy hemorrhage and if any treatment was needed	Within 14 days after surgery

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Nebraska
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Samuel Pate, M.D., University of Nebraska Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Lee SW, Jeon SS, Lee JD, Lee JY, Kim SC, Koh YW. A comparison of postoperative pain and complications in tonsillectomy using BiClamp forceps and electrocautery tonsillectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008 Aug;139(2):228-34. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2008.04.004.
• Hiller A, Silvanto M, Savolainen S, Tarkkila P. Propacetamol and diclofenac alone and in combination for analgesia after elective tonsillectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004 Oct;48(9):1185-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2004.00473.x.
• Parsons SP, Cordes SR, Comer B. Comparison of posttonsillectomy pain using the ultrasonic scalpel, coblator, and electrocautery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 Jan;134(1):106-13. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.09.027.
• Noordzij JP, Affleck BD. Coblation versus unipolar electrocautery tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, single-blind study in adult patients. Laryngoscope. 2006 Aug;116(8):1303-9. doi: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000225944.00189.e9.
• Diakos EA, Gallos ID, El-Shunnar S, Clarke M, Kazi R, Mehanna H. Dexamethasone reduces pain, vomiting and overall complications following tonsillectomy in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Otolaryngol. 2011 Dec;36(6):531-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2011.02373.x.
• Thorneman G, Akervall J. Pain treatment after tonsillectomy: advantages of analgesics regularly given compared with analgesics on demand. Acta Otolaryngol. 2000 Oct;120(8):986-9. doi: 10.1080/00016480050218744.
• Naesh O, Niles LA, Gilbert JG, Ammar MM, Phibbs PW, Phillips AM, Khrapov AV, Robert AJ, McClintock A. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of rofecoxib with paracetamol in early post-tonsillectomy pain in adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005 Oct;22(10):768-73. doi: 10.1017/s0265021505001274.
• Salonen A, Kokki H, Nuutinen J. Recovery after tonsillectomy in adults: a three-week follow-up study. Laryngoscope. 2002 Jan;112(1):94-8. doi: 10.1097/00005537-200201000-00017.
• Ashbach MN, Ostrower ST, Parikh SR. Tonsillectomy techniques and pain: a review of randomized controlled trials and call for standardization. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2007;69(6):364-70. doi: 10.1159/000108369. Epub 2007 Nov 23.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 1, 2016
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 24, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): January 24, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 14, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 3, 2015
• First Posted (Estimated): February 9, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 13, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 11, 2023
• Last Verified: July 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Tonsillectomy; Adenoidectomy
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Postoperative Complications; Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Signs and Symptoms, Digestive; Nausea; Pain, Postoperative; Vomiting; Hemorrhage; Body Weight; Body Weight Changes; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; Postoperative Hemorrhage; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Central Nervous System Depressants; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Analgesics; Sensory System Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antirheumatic Agents; Antipyretics; Analgesics, Opioid; Narcotics; Respiratory System Agents; Antitussive Agents; Acetaminophen; Oxycodone; Hydromorphone; Hydrocodone; Acetaminophen, hydrocodone drug combination
• Other Study ID Numbers: 0658-14-FB